Machine Organ Perfusion Sample Clauses

Machine Organ Perfusion. 1.2.1 Preconditioning and manipulation of organs using machine perfusion technologies Machine organ perfusion technologies have gained considerable interest in recent times for clinical use in the preconditioning and preservation of organs prior to transplantation. Historically, the first description of continuous perfusion for pig kidneys was by Xxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx in 1849, as he observed a change in the colour of blood as it passed through the organ from the artery to vein (91). In his landmark 1903 publication entitled “The perfusion of surviving organs,” Xxxxxxxxx XX Xxxxxx F.R.S stated the fundamental importance of machine perfusion in addressing physiological challenges – a prophecy that still holds true today and showed great vision for the period: “The method of examining the physiological action of an organ or tissue by perfusing it by blood after its removal from the body has already proved of great value in many instances, and under proper conditions can solve many physiological problems” Xxxxxx X.X. The Perfusion of Surviving Organs. Journal of Physiology, 1903 (92). Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx described perfusion apparatus to evaluate how organs respond physiologically when perfused with blood at warm temperatures (achieved using water baths). He also reported apparatus for perfusing an isolated mammalian heart at warm temperatures and constant flow (93). Significant developments followed in the early- mid 20th century in experimental machine perfusion led to the use of non-blood based perfusion solutions and culture mediums coupled with hypothermic temperature use (as opposed to room temperature) prolonging kidney perfusion to days (94)(95). These perfusion techniques relied on equipment that was expensive, cumbersome to use and not readily available hence limiting transportation of organs between centres. A new preservation modality was therefore urgently needed. The work of XX Xxxxxxx and Xxx Xxxxx F.R.S, in the 1960’s led to the development of static cold storage for human organ transportation – an important milestone in transplantation (96)(97). Organs deemed suitable for transplantation were now stored in ice (cold storage) after flushing with cold preservation solution at the retrieval centre prior to transplantation (the hypothermia reduces enzymic and metabolic activity and thus, reduces oxygen requirements). This proved to be a simple, effective and a relatively low-cost method of organ preservation and the accepted standard worldwide. However,...
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