Swarming in Proteus mirabilis Sample Clauses

Swarming in Proteus mirabilis. Compared to other members of the Gram-negative enteric bacteria, P. mirabilis is a robust swarmer. This bacterium can swarm on agar at concentrations up to 3.0 % without hydration being provided exogenously, on different kinds of media, at a variety of temperatures (22°C to 42°C), and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (18, 251). Follow the transfer of liquid cultures of vegetative cells to agar plates, P. mirabilis experiences a non-motile swarming lag phase of ~4 h as the population undergoes the necessary physiological rearrangements required for differentiation. The lag phase is affected by the age of the starting culture and its cell density. Additionally, it can be overcome by transferring swarming cells to a new plate; existing swarmer cells do not experience swarming lag (18). Following lag phase, a subset of the starting vegetative population undergoes differentiation into swarmer cells. Differentiation transforms vegetative cells (~2 µm in length; 4 - 10 flagella) into highly flagellated (500 - 5000 flagella), elongated (20 - 80 µm), multinucleate but aseptate swarmer cells (16, 17, 252). Following differentiation, swarmer cells move outward in compact groups, called rafts, in which they are aligned and propelled forward by entwined, rotating flagella (17). The duration of migration is affected by the concentration of agar, temperature, and media composition (16, 18). Active migration is followed by a phenomenon known as consolidation where swarmer cells revert back to the vegetative morphotype. The four stages: (i) lag phase prefacing swarming (ii) differentiation of swarmer cells (iii) active swarming migration, and (iv) consolidation are cyclical and yield terraces or the bull’s eye pattern formed by P. mirabilis on an agar plate. Each stage is governed by a myriad of intrinsic and external elements which give rise to a bifurcated population of cells transcriptionally and physiologically distinct from one another. Phenomena specific to P. mirabilis swarming are discussed below.
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