Materials and equipment needed Clause Samples
Materials and equipment needed. ⮚ Materials In the case of paint materials, in order to represent commercial product, nanoparticles of interest could be TiO2, ZnO or SiO2 for example. For paints, the coating needs to be applied on test panels. It is really important to achieve a uniform coating to perform these tests. Different panels are available. Depending on the formulation, specific type of panel has to be selected: - Steel (S-16) - Uniformly blanked from 20-gage auto body sheet steel and dull finished for good adhesion of the coating to the metal. 100 mm square with rounded corners and a
Materials and equipment needed. The textile used will have the following composition: PES/Ly, mixture of polyester (90%, PES 167/144 BIELTEX) and elastane (10%, 40 DN CREORA). The nanoparticles are incorporated in the fabrics to provide bactericidal and odorless properties. Here, three types of coatings containing nanoparticles will be applied to the described textile: - Impregnation with a mixture of TiO2 nanoparticles and AgCl, - Impregnation with two different sized Ag nanoparticles. It should be mentioned that other additives (surfactants, binders…) are included in the impregnation solutions. Nanoparticles are applied following a padding process. Briefly, first the samples are dipped into a tank containing the aqueous nanoparticle dispersions, and then the samples are drained in a foulard to a pressure of 4 kg/m2. Finally, the fabric is dried and cured at temperatures ranging from 140-160 ˚C. Regarding raw nanomaterial, both morphology and size will be characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles will be also analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and FT-IR.
Materials and equipment needed. In this study we used different polymers. PolyPropylene (PP) is a semi crystalline thermoplastic resin. PolyAmide (PA) is containing amide functions; and PolyUrethane (PU) is a chain of organic units jointed by carbonate (urethane) links. This three kind of polymers will be studied pures, or dopped with nanoparticle : nano-silica (-SiO2) or nano-clays –Montmorillonite- (-MMT). The following tables give an overview of these components. Polypropylene Polyamide Polyurethane Nano Silica (SiO2) Aerosil 974 Hydrophobic : surface modified woth dimethyl dichlorosilane Aerosil 200 Hydrophilic Industrial - DEGUSSA Layered Silicates (MMT) Dellite 72T Ditallowdimethyl amonium ion Dellite 43B Tallowbenzildimethil amonium ion Industrial - LAVIOSA ⮚ Preparation of starting materials: mechanical abrasion of macro-size samples (i.e. production of small size fractions to simulate use of products due to abrasion) Mechanical erosion of the polymers will be performed to simulate ageing during use of products due to abrasion and then generate new type of dust. Polymer plaques (several centimeter long and large) will be used as starting materials. Usure of polymer is simulated by grating nine grams of each polymer with a metallic grate of 200 mm size producing. Mechanical procedure tested is implemented manually to avoid increase of temperature during abrasion. Mortar grinding in ceramic bawl for half an hour will also be performed after grating procedure. Mortar grinding will be used with a large gap between the rotating agate part and the fixed container. 2mm gap is selected. The aim is not to crush the samples, but to gently separate particles that are interlinked or interconnected (“Jackstraws” effect). Figure 3: Diagram of the mortar set-up to separate particles of polymer that are interlinked or interconnected All apparatus are treated with alcohol to decrease at maximum the bacterial contamination. The fraction smaller than 20 μm produced by abrasion is generally low. The objective is to produce a minimum of 200 mg of dust <20 μm for each sample. Polymer shavings will be suspended in ethanol, and sieved with a sieve of 20μm mesh. The size distribution of fine particles (<20μm) will be measured in ethanol to prevent aggregation and using laser diffraction (static light scattering SLS). The structure of the fine particles before and after ageing experiments will be characterized by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR, ATR mode)...