Common use of Non Commercial Clause in Contracts

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇ providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and endless support. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College London, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ Nakhai, for his support, patience, and encouragement throughout my PhD studies. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this dissertation and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study. I am grateful to to my beloved parents; ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and ▇▇▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani for their endless love and encouragement. I would like to thank my former colleague, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇ for his valuable assistance and support through out my PhD. Last but not least, to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ London, U.K. May 2013. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more and more devices go wireless. Meanwhile, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary users. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in a cellular network. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrum, by allowing coexistence on the same spectrum resources between primary and cognitive users. Deploying cognitive cells on

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇ providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and endless support. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College London, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible have helped and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ Nakhai, for his support, patience, and encouragement throughout my PhD studies. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds supported me during the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion writing of this dissertation thesis. Several academics read all or part of my work and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study. I am grateful to to my beloved parents; ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and ▇▇▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and made useful comments: ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇ ▇▇-Esfahani for their endless love and encouragement. I would like to thank my former colleague▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Dr ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ for his valuable assistance and support through out my PhD. Last but not leastProfessor ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ at the University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, was generous in sharing her work in progress. I am particularly grateful to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. Professor ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ who read my work and gave me much very useful advice and with whom I had many stimulating discussions. Lastly my supervisor Professor ▇-▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ was invaluable in guiding me through the research process, making many helpful comments and keeping me on track. I would also like to thank those historians whose work I studied who were kind enough to grant me interviews: Professor ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, and Professor ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ kindly answered my questions by email and Professor ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ by phone. Their patience and generosity in sharing their views on their own work and on the state of writing British national history at the present time have been invaluable. I am grateful to all the archivists at the repositories I visited: Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Library, East Sussex Record Office, University College London, U.K. May 2013. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more and more devices go wireless. Meanwhilethe British Library, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interferenceReading Special Collections, the secondary users must be able National Archives, and the Royal Historical Society. My special thanks go to adjust their parameters ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, graduate intern at ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Library University of Tulsa USA, where the archives of ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ are deposited, who via email identified material I was interested in, photocopied and posted it to fulfill these constraintsme. In additionI have benefitted greatly from participation in the King’s College PhD history reading group, convened by ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, where stimulating discussions and challenging questions helped me to clarify my thoughts. Friends and family also helped: ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇; my thanks to my daughter for help with formatting. I would particularly like to thank my husband who read many drafts, made many helpful critical comments and was always supportive and encouraging. My interest in historiography was first aroused in 1994 by Professor ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, LSE, through her stimulating course on ‘Critical Problems in the performance History of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission Political Thought’ for the MSc in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary users. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in a cellular network. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrum, by allowing coexistence on the same spectrum resources between primary and cognitive users. Deploying cognitive cells onPolitical Theory.

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇ providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This Download date: 04. Aug. 2024 College London A thesis is dedicated submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the supervision of There are many people without whom this thesis would never have come to my parents for their love and endless supportcompletion. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part I hope, but doubt, that I can remember them all. First of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College Londonall, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, ▇▇¨▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, without whom this work would have, of course, been impossible. Throughout all three years of his immaculate supervision, he has somehow managed to pitch me just the projects I wanted and needed. Thanks to his perceptive guidance, my grasp of and expertise in the subject has grown profoundly to an extent I could never have reached by myself. Ju¨rgen never ceased to amaze me with his uncanny knack of always knowing just the right reference, whatever questions I threw his way. For all this and more, he has my most heartfelt thanks. There are many other people who have helped me in mathematical ways. I am grateful to ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Nakhaifor our countless discussions and his suggestions and comments on my work that helped me refine many parts of this thesis. Special kudos goes to ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇´▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇´▇▇▇▇▇ for organizing a reading group on ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’s lectures on real semisimple Lie algebras: that book—and our thorough perusal of it—gave me a lot of inspiration for Chapter 3 and in particular for the proof of Theorem 1. I am also enormously indebted to my examiners, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Dom´▇▇▇▇▇▇-Va´zquez and ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, for his support, patience, their time and encouragement throughout my PhD studieseffort. It is not often The amount and depth of feedback they provided and the level of detail in their comments can only mean that one finds a supervisor that always finds the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion they read all two hundred pages of this dissertation and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research thesis in generalminute detail. I could not have imagined having a better advisor been more blessed to have such excellent examiners. But perhaps my biggest gratitude goes to my friends, as without their unconditional love and mentor for my PhD studysupport I would not be writing this. I am grateful want to to thank my beloved parents; friend ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, the most important person in my life, for always being my reason to keep going and making me a better person. Thanks to my soulmate ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ for his brilliance and being the one person I always look up to. I am forever indebted to ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani ▇ for his emotional support and ▇▇▇exceptional ability to cheer me up in any situation. Thanks to ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force▇▇ for being a terrific friend I can always rely on. I owe them everything am grateful to ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ for being my model of resolve and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate themperseverance. I wish also want to thank my brothers; ▇▇ oldest friend ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani ▇: I am happy that we can still finish each other’s sentences despite all the bumps in the road. I also want to thank my friend ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ for his wit and for maintaining my faith in humanity. Special thanks goes to ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ for having my back and always being there for me. I am grateful to Skye Ball and her wonderful family for their selfless kindness and for making me feel at home. I should also mention ▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇ ▇▇▇’s instrumental role in improving my level of English: over the past few years, I have tortured them with hundreds of obscure language-related questions, and every single time they went out of their way to help me out. Thanks to my friends ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇-Esfahani for their endless love and encouragement. I would like to thank my former colleague, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ for his valuable assistance brightening up my PhD years despite the pandemic, war, and support through out pretty much every calamity imaginable. Cheers to my PhD. Last but not least, to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. office buddies ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇ with whom I shared many breaks, had tons of engaging conversations, and drank countless cups of tea. ▇▇▇ London, U.K. May 2013played a special role in helping me bring the thesis to life: he was incredibly kind to let me use some of the LATEX formatting from his own thesis and taught me a great deal about the art of writing up. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more and more devices go wireless. Meanwhile, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link There are surely many others who have supported me in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no one way or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management another throughout my PhD. To all of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary usersyou: you have my deepest gratitude. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in a cellular network. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrum, was supported by allowing coexistence on the same spectrum resources between primary and cognitive users. Deploying cognitive cells onEPSRC grant EP/S021590/1 through the LSGNT.

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇ providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Feb. 2023 ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ PhD – Philosophy King's College London 2022 I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the contents of this dissertation are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other university. This thesis dissertation is dedicated to my parents for their love own work and endless support. Completing my PhD degree was probably contains nothing which is the most challenging part outcome of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared work done in collaboration with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years others, except as specified in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College London, text and its members will always remain dear Acknowledgements. This dissertation contains fewer than 55 000 words. I wish to me. At the end of sincerely thank my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, supervisors ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Nakhai▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ for always being available, for his support, patiencefull of understanding, and encouragement helping me throughout my PhD studies. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion Without them, none of this dissertation and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in generalwould have been possible. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for want to extend my PhD study. I am grateful to gratitude to my beloved parents; thesis examiners, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, and ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, for enthusiastically accepting their role and expressing interest in my work. Specials thanks to ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ for supervising me for a period of time, as well as for his invaluable comments on certain parts of the thesis. I am extremely grateful to ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, and ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ for their assistance with my ideas and with the whole process of being a PhD student. I also thank everyone at the Department of Philosophy at King’s College London for their help, the conversations and good times we had at the Philosophy Bar and elsewhere. In addition, the UKRI London Arts & Humanities Partnership and the Frankopan Fund have provided me with funding during the course of my studies, which I genuinely appreciate and cherish. I am thankful to the special people who have motivated and advised me: ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and ▇▇▇. , ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; ▇▇ , ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani ▇, and ▇▇ ▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani for their endless . Most of all, I send my love and encouragement. I would like gratitude to thank my former colleagueparents, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇ for his valuable assistance and support through out my PhD. Last but not least, to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Londonand ▇▇▇▇▇, U.K. May 2013. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more and more devices go wireless. Meanwhile, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced who are always by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solutionmy side, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users every possible way, as well as servicing the secondary users. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in a cellular network. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage an endless source of radio spectrum, by allowing coexistence on the same spectrum resources between primary and cognitive users. Deploying cognitive cells onsupport.

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇ providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and endless supportDownload date: 26. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part Dec. 2023 First of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College Londonall, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for memy supervisors. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇’s enthusiasm and support during my BA made it an easy decision to return to King’s for my PhD. Her continued help and en- couragement during the project have been invaluable. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Nakhai, for his support, patiencehas always pushed me to improve my arguments and sharpen my thoughts. He has also been able to link my research to many other areas in philosophy I was unaware of and could learn a lot from. ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ agreed to take over as a supervisor when ▇▇▇▇▇ moved to Cambridge, and encouragement throughout my PhD studiesI have benefitted greatly from our meetings. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds Especially his questioning of the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up many underlying assumptions popular in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this dissertation and literature on defensive harming has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD studybeen eye-opening. I am grateful to all of them. The thesis has benefitted tremendously from their different perspectives and expertise. I have also been fortunate to present my beloved parents; work at various conferences and workshops around the world, including U.C. Berkeley, Stockholm University, University of Reading, Uni- versity of Oxford, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Manchester, the Institute of Philosophy in Zagreb, University of St. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, the Philosophy, Politics and Law Graduate Forum, the Philosophy, Ethics and Killing workshop, and the London Graduate Workshop on Moral and Political Philosophy. And, of course, several presentations and discussions in the Advanced Research Seminar at King’s. I am incredibly grateful to all the event participants, especially those who provided detailed written and/or verbal feedback on my work there, in- cluding ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and ▇▇▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; ▇▇ , ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani and , ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, and ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇. Special thanks go to ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-Esfahani for their endless love ▇ and encouragement. I would like to thank my former colleague, ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇ for his valuable assistance and support through out my PhD. Last but not least, to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇. First, during an extended period in Stockholm, while I was finalising the thesis, ▇▇▇-▇▇▇ helped set me up with an office space and invited me to present my work at several seminars at Stockholm University. My time there was excellent! Second, after ▇▇▇▇▇▇ commented on my paper at the CEPPA Graduate Conference, we continued to stay in touch. He ended up reading drafts of more than half of my thesis. I am so thankful for his excellent feedback and encouragement. I am also lucky to have such a supportive family back home in Norway. When I left Oslo at 19 years old to study in London, I do not think any of us expected I would stay for a decade and end up writing a PhD thesis in moral philosophy. But I would not have been able to do any of it without their support. One highlight of going back home has also been to visit and discuss philosophy with my wonderful friend ▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇. Our many long discus- sions and disagreements have helped make philosophy fun. Finally, my biggest debt of gratitude is owed to ▇▇▇▇ London▇▇▇▇▇▇. There is no one I would rather discuss philosophy with than her, U.K. May 2013and for years I have been so fortunate to get her thoughts on everything from half-baked thought experiments to nearly completed chapters. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more Throughout the many ups and more devices go wirelessdowns while writing the thesis, ▇▇▇▇ has always encouraged me, pushed me to continue, and reminded me to relax and reflect on my achievements. Meanwhile, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to I doubt there would be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary userswithout her. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in investigates the right to self-defence by examining a cellular networkrange of cases involving “im- perfect” victims – that is, victims of wrongful threats who contributed to, or could have avoided, being wrongfully attacked. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrumIt asks when, by allowing coexistence if at all, this fact about a victim should impact or compromise their right to defensively harm the aggressor. Despite the booming literature on the same spectrum resources between primary ethics of defensive harming, this question has received little attention compared to ques- tions about how the fault and cognitive usersresponsibility of the aggressor affect the right to self-defence. Deploying cognitive cells onIt is often ignored or treated as an afterthought. But it merits more attention. There are cases in which it seems intuitive that a victim’s actions negatively affect their right to self-defence – for instance, cases involving provocation – but unless we are careful in spelling out the reasons for this, we risk ending up with overly harsh and “victim blaming” theories of self-defence. More- over, partly because victims have received little attention, some of the ways that the principles and conditions for permissible self-defence are phrased in the literature also imply too harsh restrictions on the right to self-defence when applied to cases involving imperfect victims. The thesis aims to help fill this gap. One of the main themes that emerge is that we should not simply focus on whether a victim could have (even easily and without much cost) avoided, or avoided contributing to, a threat situation, nor simply on whether they were culpa- ble for not avoiding this. Instead, we should focus on whether their behaviour violated specific duties to avoid contributing to situations in which they need to impose defensive harm. As I explain, there are different possible grounds for this type of duty, which impacts the duty’s stringency. Understanding these different grounds helps us see more clearly when and to what extent an imperfect victim’s right to self-defence is compromised. From this approach, we get a unified and nuanced view according to which it is generally difficult to compromise one’s defensive rights. Taking risks, even culpable risks, has little or no compromising impact on one’s right to self-defence against culpable aggressors. However, wrongfully interfering with others’ fair opportunities to avoid defensive harm, or manipulating them into attacking, can radically alter one’s right to self-defence. 1 Introduction 7 1 The Ethics of Self-Defence 7 2 The Imperfect Victim 12 3 The Right to Self-Defence 17 4 Compromised Defensive Rights 23 5 Fairness and Responsibility 26 6 Scope, Assumptions, and Method 28 7 Overview of Chapters 31 2 What Do We (Not) Owe to Aggressors? 35 1 Introduction 35 2 Conditional Threats and Escalations 40 3 Necessity and Proportionality 42 4 The Submission Argument 46 5 Responsibility 51 6 Denying One’s Own Agency 54 7 Intervening Agency 57 8 Clarifications and Implications 63 9 Conclusion 65 3 A Duty to Avoid Trouble and Its Limits 66 1 Introduction 66 2 Unnecessary Harm 67 3 The Draconian View 75