Common use of Non Commercial Clause in Contracts

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact xxxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and endless support. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College London, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxx Nakhai, for his support, patience, and encouragement throughout my PhD studies. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this dissertation and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study. I am grateful to to my beloved parents; Xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani and Xxx. Xxxxxx Xxxxxx. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; Xx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani and Xx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani for their endless love and encouragement. I would like to thank my former colleague, Xx Xxxx Xxx Xx for his valuable assistance and support through out my PhD. Last but not least, to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx London, U.K. May 2013. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more and more devices go wireless. Meanwhile, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary users. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in a cellular network. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrum, by allowing coexistence on the same spectrum resources between primary and cognitive users. Deploying cognitive cells on

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact xxxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and endless support. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College London, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who have helped and supported me during the writing of this thesis. Several academics read all or part of my work and made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisoruseful comments: Xx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xx Xxxx NakhaiXxxxxxx, for his supportDr Xxxx Xxxx and Professor Xxxx Xxxx. Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxx at the University of Windsor, patienceOntario, Canada, was generous in sharing her work in progress. I am particularly grateful to Professor Xxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx who read my work and gave me much very useful advice and with whom I had many stimulating discussions. Lastly my supervisor Professor Xxx Xxxxx was invaluable in guiding me through the research process, making many helpful comments and keeping me on track. I would also like to thank those historians whose work I studied who were kind enough to grant me interviews: Professor Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxx Xxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, and encouragement throughout Professor Xxxxxx Xxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxx Xxxx Xxxxxxx kindly answered my PhD studiesquestions by email and Professor Xxxx Xxxxxxxx by phone. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds the time for listening to the little problems Their patience and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up generosity in the course of performing research. His technical sharing their views on their own work and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this dissertation and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings state of academic research in general. I could not writing British national history at the present time have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD studybeen invaluable. I am grateful to all the archivists at the repositories I visited: Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Library, East Sussex Record Office, University College London, the British Library, Reading Special Collections, the National Archives, and the Royal Historical Society. My special thanks go to Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, graduate intern at XxXxxxxx Library University of Tulsa USA, where the archives of Xxxxx Xxxxxxx are deposited, who via email identified material I was interested in, photocopied and posted it to me. I have benefitted greatly from participation in the King’s College PhD history reading group, convened by Xxxx Xxxxxx, where stimulating discussions and challenging questions helped me to clarify my thoughts. Friends and family also helped: Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx and Xxxxx Xxxxxxx; my thanks to my beloved parents; Xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani and Xxx. Xxxxxx Xxxxxx. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; Xx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani and Xx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani daughter for their endless love and encouragementhelp with formatting. I would particularly like to thank my former colleaguehusband who read many drafts, Xx Xxxx Xxx Xx made many helpful critical comments and was always supportive and encouraging. My interest in historiography was first aroused in 1994 by Professor Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, LSE, through her stimulating course on ‘Critical Problems in the History of Political Thought’ for his valuable assistance and support through out my PhD. Last but not least, to those who indirectly contributed the MSc in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very much. Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx London, U.K. May 2013. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum is becoming increasingly scarce as more and more devices go wireless. Meanwhile, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilised. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary users. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in a cellular network. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrum, by allowing coexistence on the same spectrum resources between primary and cognitive users. Deploying cognitive cells onPolitical Theory.

Non Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact xxxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and endless supportDownload date: 26. Completing my PhD degree was probably the most challenging part Dec. 2023 First of my life. The best and worst moments of my doctoral journey have been shared with many people. It has been a great privilege to spend several years in the Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) at King’s College Londonall, and its members will always remain dear to me. At the end of my thesis I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The highest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxx Nakhai, for his support, patience, and encouragement throughout my PhD studies. It is not often that one finds a supervisor that always finds the time for listening to the little problems and roadblocks that unavoidably crop up in the course of performing research. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this dissertation and has taught me innumer- able lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study. I am grateful to to my beloved parents; Xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani and Xxx. Xxxxxx Xxxxxx. Their love provided my inspiration and was my driving force. I owe them everything and wish I could show them just how much I love and appreciate them. I wish also to thank my brothers; Xx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani and Xx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Esfahani for their endless love and encouragement. I would like to thank my former colleaguesupervisors. Xxxxx Xxxx’s enthusiasm and support during my BA made it an easy decision to return to King’s for my PhD. Her continued help and en- couragement during the project have been invaluable. Xxxxxxx Xxxxx has always pushed me to improve my arguments and sharpen my thoughts. He has also been able to link my research to many other areas in philosophy I was unaware of and could learn a lot from. Xxxxx Xxxxx agreed to take over as a supervisor when Xxxxx moved to Cambridge, Xx and I have benefitted greatly from our meetings. Especially his questioning of the many underlying assumptions popular in the literature on defensive harming has been eye-opening. I am grateful to all of them. The thesis has benefitted tremendously from their different perspectives and expertise. I have also been fortunate to present my work at various conferences and workshops around the world, including U.C. Berkeley, Stockholm University, University of Reading, Uni- versity of Oxford, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Manchester, the Institute of Philosophy in Zagreb, University of St. Xxxxxxx, the Philosophy, Politics and Law Graduate Forum, the Philosophy, Ethics and Killing workshop, and the London Graduate Workshop on Moral and Political Philosophy. And, of course, several presentations and discussions in the Advanced Research Seminar at King’s. I am incredibly grateful to all the event participants, especially those who provided detailed written and/or verbal feedback on my work there, in- cluding Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxx, Xxx Xxxxxx, Xxxx Xxx Xx Xxxxx, and Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx. Special thanks go to Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxx Xxxxxx. First, during an extended period in Stockholm, while I was finalising the thesis, Xxxxxx helped set me up with an office space and invited me to present my work at several seminars at Stockholm University. My time there was excellent! Second, after Xxxxxx commented on my paper at the CEPPA Graduate Conference, we continued to stay in touch. He ended up reading drafts of more than half of my thesis. I am so thankful for his valuable assistance excellent feedback and support through out my PhD. Last but not least, encouragement. I am also lucky to those who indirectly contributed have such a supportive family back home in this research, your kindness means a lot Norway. When I left Oslo at 19 years old to me. Thank you very much. Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx study in London, U.K. May 2013I do not think any of us expected I would stay for a decade and end up writing a PhD thesis in moral philosophy. Abstract‌ Radio spectrum But I would not have been able to do any of it without their support. One highlight of going back home has also been to visit and discuss philosophy with my wonderful friend Xxx X. Xxxxxxxxxx. Our many long discus- sions and disagreements have helped make philosophy fun. Finally, my biggest debt of gratitude is becoming increasingly scarce as more owed to Xxxx Xxxxxx. There is no one I would rather discuss philosophy with than her, and more devices go wirelessfor years I have been so fortunate to get her thoughts on everything from half-baked thought experiments to nearly completed chapters. MeanwhileThroughout the many ups and downs while writing the thesis, studies indicate that the assigned spectrum is not fully utilisedXxxx has always encouraged me, pushed me to continue, and reminded me to relax and reflect on my achievements. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned to I doubt there would be a promising solution to address the imbalance between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed (primary) spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the primary user. The interference management has become an important topic in cognitive radio in order to manage and fulfill the regulatory constraints. The management of interference is, unquestionably, required to treat and quantify all the interference produced by the cognitive transmission at the primary users. In order to manage this interference, the secondary users must be able to adjust their parameters to fulfill these constraints. In addition, the performance of contemporary multicell wireless networks is limited by intercell interference (ICI), due to cochannel transmission in other cells. This per- formance degradation is especially severe for users close to the cell-edge. As a solution, in this thesis different cognitive beamfomring techniques are proposed by deploying cognitive cells on the primacy cells boundaries to support the primary cell-edge users as well as servicing the secondary userswithout her. This thesis proposes interference management techniques based on cognitive beam- forming in investigates the right to self-defence by examining a cellular networkrange of cases involving “im- perfect” victims – that is, victims of wrongful threats who contributed to, or could have avoided, being wrongfully attacked. We have identified conditions and proposed different techniques for optimal usage of radio spectrumIt asks when, by allowing coexistence if at all, this fact about a victim should impact or compromise their right to defensively harm the aggressor. Despite the booming literature on the same spectrum resources between primary ethics of defensive harming, this question has received little attention compared to ques- tions about how the fault and cognitive usersresponsibility of the aggressor affect the right to self-defence. Deploying cognitive cells onIt is often ignored or treated as an afterthought. But it merits more attention. There are cases in which it seems intuitive that a victim’s actions negatively affect their right to self-defence – for instance, cases involving provocation – but unless we are careful in spelling out the reasons for this, we risk ending up with overly harsh and “victim blaming” theories of self-defence. More- over, partly because victims have received little attention, some of the ways that the principles and conditions for permissible self-defence are phrased in the literature also imply too harsh restrictions on the right to self-defence when applied to cases involving imperfect victims. The thesis aims to help fill this gap. One of the main themes that emerge is that we should not simply focus on whether a victim could have (even easily and without much cost) avoided, or avoided contributing to, a threat situation, nor simply on whether they were culpa- ble for not avoiding this. Instead, we should focus on whether their behaviour violated specific duties to avoid contributing to situations in which they need to impose defensive harm. As I explain, there are different possible grounds for this type of duty, which impacts the duty’s stringency. Understanding these different grounds helps us see more clearly when and to what extent an imperfect victim’s right to self-defence is compromised. From this approach, we get a unified and nuanced view according to which it is generally difficult to compromise one’s defensive rights. Taking risks, even culpable risks, has little or no compromising impact on one’s right to self-defence against culpable aggressors. However, wrongfully interfering with others’ fair opportunities to avoid defensive harm, or manipulating them into attacking, can radically alter one’s right to self-defence. 1 Introduction 7 1 The Ethics of Self-Defence 7 2 The Imperfect Victim 12 3 The Right to Self-Defence 17 4 Compromised Defensive Rights 23 5 Fairness and Responsibility 26 6 Scope, Assumptions, and Method 28 7 Overview of Chapters 31 2 What Do We (Not) Owe to Aggressors? 35 1 Introduction 35 2 Conditional Threats and Escalations 40 3 Necessity and Proportionality 42 4 The Submission Argument 46 5 Responsibility 51 6 Denying One’s Own Agency 54 7 Intervening Agency 57 8 Clarifications and Implications 63 9 Conclusion 65 3 A Duty to Avoid Trouble and Its Limits 66 1 Introduction 66 2 Unnecessary Harm 67 3 The Draconian View 75