Common use of Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares Clause in Contracts

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares. (a) The public offering price at which you may offer the Shares is the net asset value thereof plus any sales charge applicable to such Shares (the "Sales Charge"), as computed from time to time as described in the then-current prospectus or statement of additional information (collectively, the "Prospectus") of the applicable class of the relevant Fund. You agree to make Shares of the Funds available to your customers subject to minimum investment requirements applicable to each order, unless you register your customer purchases in your name and omnibus account as nominee. You further acknowledge and agree that tracking and application of any Sales Charge, including any scheduled variation in, or elimination of, such Sales Charge, is your responsibility and will be charged uniformly to all offerees in the class specified in the Prospectus. You understand that all orders are subject to acceptance or rejection by us or the Funds in the sole discretion of either. (b) Each transaction is always made subject to confirmation by us at the offering price next computed after receipt of the order. Subject to Sections 2(d), 2(h) and 2(i) below, orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Fund Shares ("Orders") received by you prior to the price time for each Fund as set forth in its prospectus (the "Price Time"), generally the close of regular trading (the "Close of Trading") on the New York Stock Exchange (the "Exchange") on any given business day (currently 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) (each a "Business Day") and transmitted to the Funds' transfer agent prior to the Price Time on such Business Day will be executed at the net asset value determined as of the relevant Fund's Price Time on the Business Day you received such Order. Any Orders transmitted to the transfer agent after a Fund's Price Time on a Business Day will be executed at the net asset value determined as of that Fund's Price Time on the next Business Day. (c) The day as of which an Order is executed pursuant to the provisions set forth above is referred to as the "Trade Date." (d) Any Order by you for the purchase of shares of the Funds through us shall be accepted at the time when it is received by us, the Funds' transfer agent or any clearinghouse agency we may designate from time to time, unless rejected by us or the Funds' transfer agent. We will not accept any Order from you that is placed on a conditional basis or is subject to any delay or contingency prior to execution. (e) Subject to Section 2(g) hereof, with respect to the Funds, the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a Sales Charge (the "Load Funds"), you will be allowed the concessions from the public offering price provided in the Load Funds' Prospectus and/or periodic instruction from us. If a Load Fund is sold but the front-end load is waived, you will not receive any concession. With respect to the Funds, the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a contingent deferred sales charge or early withdrawal charge (the "CDSC Funds"), you will be paid a concession as disclosed in the CDSC Fund's Prospectus and/or periodic instructions from us. If a CDSC Fund is sold but the CDSC is waived, you will not receive any concession. All dealer concessions are subject to change without notice by us and will comply with any changes in regulatory requirements. You agree that you will not combine customer orders to reach breakpoints in concessions for any purpose whatsoever unless authorized by the Prospectus or by us in writing. (f) Certain of the classes of certain Funds have adopted distribution plans pursuant to which we, on behalf of each such Fund, will pay a distribution fee and, for some classes, a service fee to dealers in accordance with the provisions of such Funds' distribution plans. The service fee is paid in accordance with Section 2(g) hereof as additional consideration for, depending on the class, all individual shareholder services, including account maintenance services, or administrative services provided by you to shareholders of the applicable Fund. The distribution fee is paid to the broker of record as consideration for the distribution services the broker of record provides to its clients, including receiving and answering correspondence, assisting investors in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options, providing facilities to answer questions from clients about the Funds, and other past and continuing services to clients. The provisions and terms of these Funds' distribution plans are described in their respective Prospectuses, and you hereby agree that we have made no representations to you with respect to the distribution plans of such Funds in addition to, or conflicting with, the description set forth in their respective Prospectuses. No dealer discount or concession is applicable to Shares representing reinvested dividends and distributions. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed dealer discount, concession, service fee or distribution fee checks. (g) Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, any dealer concessions, service fees or other payments described herein shall be paid only to the broker of record pursuant to our records, whether that broker is the executing or clearing broker. Only one broker may be designated as the broker of record on any account. (h) Any Order placed by you for the purchase of Shares of a Fund is subject to the timely receipt by the Fund's transfer agent of all required documents in good order. If such documents are not received within a reasonable time after the Order is placed, the Order is subject to cancellation, in which case you agree to be responsible for any loss resulting to the Fund or to us from such cancellation. (i) Notwithstanding Section 2(b) above, if the Securities and Exchange Commission adopts a rule, or Congress adopts a law, that changes the requirements for intermediaries with regard to accepting Orders on behalf of the Funds, the timing of transmitting Orders to the Funds, or otherwise affects the way Orders are accepted, transmitted or priced, Section 2(b) shall be deemed to be automatically amended to comply with such new rule or law. (j) You represent and warrant that you will consider all guidelines from the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD") and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") when determining whether a Fund is appropriate for your client, and which class is most appropriate. You further represent and warrant that you will recommend Shares only for those clients for whom the investment is suitable according to any such guidelines current at the time of the recommendation.

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares. (a) The public offering price at which you may offer the Shares is the net asset value thereof plus any sales charge applicable to such Shares (the "Sales Charge"), as computed from time to time as described in the then-current prospectus or statement of additional information (collectively, the "Prospectus") Prospectus of the applicable class of the relevant Fund. You agree to make Shares of the Funds available to your customers subject to minimum investment requirements applicable to each order, unless you register your customer purchases in your name and omnibus account as nominee. You further acknowledge and agree that tracking and application of any Sales Charge, including any scheduled variation in, or elimination of, such Sales Charge, is your responsibility and will be charged uniformly to all offerees in the class specified in the Prospectus. You understand that all orders are subject to acceptance or rejection by us or the Funds in the sole discretion of either. (b) Each transaction is always made subject to confirmation by us at the offering price next computed after receipt of the order. Subject to Sections 2(d), 2(h) and 2(i) below, orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Fund Shares ("Orders") received by you prior to the price time for each Fund as set forth in its prospectus Prospectus (the "Price Time"), generally the close of regular trading (the "Close of Trading") on the New York Stock Exchange (the "Exchange") on any given business day (currently 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) (each a "Business Day") ), and transmitted to the Funds' transfer agent Transfer Agent either (1) prior to the Price Time on such Business Day or (2) pursuant to the National Securities Clearing Corporation's ("NSCC") Mutual Fund Settlement, Entry and Redemption Verification ("Fund/SERV") system, and in accordance with Section 7 hereof, will be executed at the net asset value determined as of the relevant Fund's Price Time on the Business Day you received such Order. Any Orders transmitted to the transfer agent Transfer Agent after a Fund's Price Time on a Business Day will be executed at the net asset value determined as of that Fund's Price Time on the next Business Day. (c) The day as of which an Order is executed pursuant to the provisions set forth above is referred to as the "Trade Date." (d) Any Order by you for the purchase of shares Shares of the Funds through us shall be accepted at the time when it is received by us, the Funds' transfer agent Transfer Agent or any clearinghouse agency we may designate from time to time, unless rejected by us or the Funds' transfer agentTransfer Agent. We will not accept any Order from you that is placed on a conditional basis or is subject to any delay or contingency prior to execution. (e) Subject to Section 2(g) hereof, with respect to the Funds, the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a Sales Charge (the "Load Funds"), you will be allowed the concessions from the public offering price provided in the such Load Funds' Fund's Prospectus and/or periodic instruction from us. If a Load Fund is sold but the front-end load is waived, you will not receive any concession. With respect to the Funds, the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a contingent deferred sales charge or early withdrawal charge (the "CDSC Funds"), you will be paid a concession as disclosed in the such CDSC Fund's Prospectus and/or periodic instructions from us. If a CDSC Fund is sold but the CDSC is waived, you will not receive any concession. All dealer concessions are subject to change without notice by us and will comply with any changes in regulatory requirements. You agree that you will not combine customer orders to reach breakpoints in concessions for any purpose whatsoever unless authorized by the Prospectus or by us in writing. (f) Certain of the classes of certain Funds have adopted distribution plans pursuant to which weDistributor, on behalf of each such Fund, will pay a distribution fee and, for some classes, a service fee to dealers in accordance with the provisions of such Funds' distribution plans. The service fee is paid in accordance with Section 2(g) hereof as additional consideration for, depending on the class, all individual shareholder services, including account maintenance services, or administrative services provided by you to shareholders of the applicable Fund. The distribution fee is paid to the broker of record as consideration for the distribution services the broker of record provides to its clients, including receiving and answering correspondence, assisting investors in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options, providing facilities to answer questions from clients about the Funds, and other past and continuing services to clients. The provisions and terms of these Funds' distribution plans are described in their respective Prospectuses, and you hereby agree that we have made no representations to you with respect to the distribution plans of such Funds in addition to, or conflicting with, the description set forth in their respective Prospectuses. No dealer discount or concession is applicable to Shares representing reinvested dividends and distributions. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed dealer discount, concession, service fee or distribution fee checks. (g) Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, any dealer concessions, service fees or other payments described herein shall be paid only to the broker of record pursuant to our records, whether that broker is the executing or clearing broker. Only one broker may be designated as the broker of record on any account. (h) Any Order placed by you for the purchase of Shares of a Fund is subject to the timely receipt by the Fund's transfer agent Transfer Agent of all required documents in good order. If such documents are not received within a reasonable time after the Order is placed, the Order is subject to cancellation, in which case you agree to be responsible for any loss resulting to the Fund or to us from such cancellation. (i) Notwithstanding Section 2(b) above, if the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") adopts a rule, or Congress adopts a lawlaw is enacted, that changes the requirements for intermediaries with regard to accepting Orders on behalf of the Funds, the timing of transmitting Orders to the Funds' Transfer Agent, or otherwise affects the way Orders are accepted, transmitted or priced, Section 2(b) shall be deemed to be automatically amended to comply with such new rule or law. (j) You represent and warrant that you will consider all guidelines from the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD") and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") SEC when determining whether a Fund is appropriate for your a client, and which class is most appropriate. You further represent and warrant that you will recommend Shares only for those clients for whom the investment is suitable according to any such guidelines current at the time of the recommendation.

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares. (a) The public offering price at which you may offer the Shares is the net asset value thereof plus any sales charge applicable to such Shares (the "Sales Charge")“NAV”) thereof, as computed from time to time as described in the then-current prospectus or statement of additional information (collectively, the "Prospectus") of the applicable class of the relevant Fund. You agree to make sell Shares of the Funds available to your customers in accordance with the terms of the Fund’s applicable prospectus and subject to minimum investment requirements applicable to each order, unless you register your customer purchases in your name and omnibus account as nominee. You further acknowledge and agree that tracking and application of any Sales Charge, including any scheduled variation in, or elimination of, such Sales Charge, is your responsibility and will be charged uniformly to all offerees in the class specified in the Prospectus. You understand that all orders Orders (as defined below) are subject to acceptance or rejection by us or the Funds in their sole discretion. We and the sole discretion Funds reserve the right to suspend or limit the sale of eitherShares. (b) Each transaction is always made subject to confirmation by us at the offering price NAV next computed after receipt of the order. You agree to notify the Funds’ transfer agent (the “Transfer Agent”) of any material differences within twenty (20) Business Days (as defined below) of receipt of the confirmation or statement of transaction activity. Subject to Sections Section 2(d), 2(h) and 2(i) below, orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Fund Shares Shares, including adjustments ("“Orders") ”), received by you prior to the price time for each Fund as set forth in its prospectus (the "Price Time"), generally the close of regular trading (the "“Close of Trading"”) on the New York Stock Exchange (the "“Exchange"”) on any given business day (currently generally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) (each a "“Business Day"”) and transmitted to the Funds' transfer agent prior to Transfer Agent by 8:00 p.m. Eastern time on the Price Time on such same Business Day will be executed at the net asset value NAV determined as of the relevant Fund's Price Time Close of Trading on the Business Day you received such Order. Any Orders Order received by you after the Close of Trading will be transmitted to the transfer agent after a Fund's Price Time Transfer Agent by 8:00 p.m. Eastern time on a the next Business Day and will be executed at the net asset value NAV determined as of that Fund's Price Time the Close of Trading on the next Business Day. (c) . The day as of which an Order is executed pursuant to the provisions set forth above is referred to as the "“Trade Date”." (dc) Any Order by you for the purchase of shares of the Funds through us Shares shall be accepted at the time when it is received by us, the Funds' transfer agent Transfer Agent or any clearinghouse agency we the Fund(s) may designate from time to time, unless rejected by us the Fund(s) or the Funds' transfer agentTransfer Agent. We will not accept any Any Order from you that is placed on a conditional basis or is subject to any delay or contingency prior to executionexecution will not be accepted. You acknowledge and agree that the Fund(s) or its designee reserve the right to reject any purchase orders, including exchanges, for any reason and without notice to you, including if we or the Funds in their sole opinion believe your customer(s) is engaging in short- term or excessive trading into and out of a Fund or otherwise engaging in trading that may be disruptive to a Fund. (d) Shares will be issued by the Funds only against receipt of the purchase price. If payment for Shares purchased is not received by the Transfer Agent by wire transfer (or if such purchase is processed through a Fund approved clearinghouse agency, in collected clearinghouse agency funds) on the Trade Date such Order will be delayed without any responsibility or liability on our part or on the part of the Funds or the Transfer Agent and such Order will be executed at the NAV next computed following receipt of payment. If payment is not so received or made, the transaction may be canceled. You shall be responsible for any loss, expense, liability or damage, including loss of profit, suffered by us and/or the respective Fund(s) resulting from (i) your delay or failure to make timely payment for such Shares or (ii) any transaction that you cancel. (e) Subject You agree not to Section 2(g) hereofwithhold placing Orders received from any customers for the purchase or sale of Shares so as to profit yourself as a result of such withholding. You shall not purchase Shares except for the purpose of covering purchase orders received by you. You agree to purchase Shares only from the Funds or their designee, with respect or your customers. If you purchase Shares from your customers, you agree to pay such customers not less than the Fundsapplicable redemption price as established by the Fund’s then-current prospectus (i.e., the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a Sales Charge (the "Load Funds"currently quoted NAV), you will be allowed the concessions from the public offering price provided in the Load Funds' Prospectus and/or periodic instruction from us. If a Load Fund is sold but the front-end load is waived, you will not receive any concession. With respect to the Funds, the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a contingent deferred sales charge or early withdrawal charge (the "CDSC Funds"), you will be paid a concession as disclosed in the CDSC Fund's Prospectus and/or periodic instructions from us. If a CDSC Fund is sold but the CDSC is waived, you will not receive any concession. All dealer concessions are subject to change without notice by us and will comply with any changes in regulatory requirements. You further agree that you will not combine customer orders to reach breakpoints in concessions for purchase, as principal, any purpose whatsoever unless authorized Shares from others at a price lower than the redemption price next quoted by the Prospectus Funds or the Transfer Agent following receipt of the request for redemption. Nothing in this Agreement, however, shall prevent you from selling Shares for the account of a record owner to the issuer at the redemption price next quoted by us in writingthe Funds or the Transfer Agent and charging the record owner a fair commission for handling the transaction. (f) Certain of the classes of certain Funds have adopted distribution plans pursuant to which we, on behalf of each such Fund, will pay a distribution fee and, for some classes, a service fee to dealers in accordance with the provisions of such Funds' distribution plans. The service fee is paid in accordance with Section 2(g) hereof as additional consideration for, depending on the class, all individual shareholder services, including account maintenance services, or administrative services provided by you to shareholders of the applicable Fund. The distribution fee is paid procedures relating to the broker processing and settlement of record as consideration for the distribution services the broker of record provides Orders shall be subject to its clientssuch instructions, including receiving and answering correspondence, assisting investors in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options, providing facilities to answer questions from clients about the Funds, and other past and continuing services to clients. The provisions and terms of these Funds' distribution plans are described in their respective Prospectuses, and you hereby agree that we have made no representations service or operating agreements may be forwarded to you with respect in writing from time to the distribution plans of such Funds in addition to, or conflicting with, the description set forth in their respective Prospectuses. No dealer discount or concession is applicable to Shares representing reinvested dividends and distributions. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed dealer discount, concession, service fee or distribution fee checkstime. (g) Notwithstanding any other provision hereofYou understand and agree that, any dealer concessions, service fees or other payments described herein shall be paid only to the broker of record pursuant to our recordsRule 12b-1(h) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, whether that broker is as amended (the executing or clearing broker. Only one broker may be designated as “1940 Act”), the broker of record on any account. (h) Any Order placed by Funds will not compensate you for the purchase any promotion or sale of Shares of a Fund is subject by directing to the timely receipt by the Fund's transfer agent of all required documents in good order. If such documents are not received within a reasonable time after the Order is placed, the Order is subject to cancellation, in which case you agree to be responsible for any loss resulting to the Fund or to us from such cancellation. (i) Notwithstanding Section 2(b) above, if the Securities and Exchange Commission adopts a rule, or Congress adopts a law, that changes the requirements for intermediaries with regard to accepting Orders on behalf any portfolio securities transactions of the Funds, the timing of transmitting Orders to or (ii) any remuneration received from the Funds, or otherwise affects the way Orders are accepted, transmitted or priced, Section 2(b) shall be deemed to be automatically amended to comply with such new rule or law’ portfolio transactions effected through any other broker-dealer. (j) You represent and warrant that you will consider all guidelines from the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD") and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") when determining whether a Fund is appropriate for your client, and which class is most appropriate. You further represent and warrant that you will recommend Shares only for those clients for whom the investment is suitable according to any such guidelines current at the time of the recommendation.

Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares. (a) The public offering price at which you may offer the Shares is the net asset value thereof plus any sales charge applicable to such Shares (the "Sales Charge")thereof, as computed from time to time as described in the then-then- current prospectus or statement of additional information (collectively, the "Prospectus") of the applicable class of the relevant Fund. You agree to make sell Shares of the Funds available to your customers clients subject to minimum investment requirements applicable to each order, unless you register your customer client purchases in your name and omnibus account as nominee. You further acknowledge and agree that tracking and application of any Sales Charge, including any scheduled variation in, or elimination of, such Sales Charge, is your responsibility and will be charged uniformly to all offerees in the class specified in the Prospectus. You understand that all orders are subject to acceptance or rejection by us or the Funds in the our sole discretion of eitherdiscretion. (b) Each transaction is always made subject to confirmation by us at the offering price net asset value next computed after receipt of the order. You agree to notify the Funds' transfer agent of any material differences within twenty (20) Business Days of receipt of the confirmation or statement of transaction activity. Subject to Sections 2(d), 2(h) and 2(iSection 2(e) below, orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Fund Shares ("Orders") received by you prior to the price time for each Fund as set forth in its prospectus (the "Price Time"), generally the close of regular trading (the "Close of Trading") on the New York Stock Exchange (the "Exchange") on any given business day (currently 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) (each a "Business Day") and transmitted to the Funds' transfer agent prior to by 8:00 p.m. Eastern time on the Price Time on such same Business Day will be executed at the net asset value determined as of the relevant Fund's Price Time Close of Trading on the Business Day you received such Order. Any Orders Order received by you after the Close of Trading will be transmitted to the transfer agent after a Fund's Price Time by 8:00 p.m. Eastern time on a the next Business Day and will be executed at the net asset value determined as of that Fund's Price Time the Close of Trading on the next Business Day. (c) The day as of which an Order is executed pursuant to the provisions set forth above is referred to as the "Trade Date"." (d) Any Order by you for the purchase of shares of the Funds through us shall be accepted at the time when it is received by us, the Funds' transfer agent or any clearinghouse agency we may designate from time to time, unless rejected by us or the Funds' transfer agent. We will not accept any Order from you that is placed on a conditional basis or is subject to any delay or contingency prior to execution. (e) Subject to Section 2(g) hereof, with respect to Shares will be issued by the Funds only against receipt of the purchase price. If payment for Shares purchased is not received by the Funds' transfer agent by wire transfer (or if such purchase is processed through a clearinghouse agency approved by us, in collected clearinghouse agency funds) on the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a Sales Charge Business Day next following the Trade Date (the "Load FundsT+1"), you such Order will be allowed delayed without any responsibility or liability on our part or on the concessions from part of the public offering price provided in Funds or the Load Funds' Prospectus and/or periodic instruction from us. If a Load Fund is sold but the front-end load is waived, you will not receive any concession. With respect to the Funds, the Shares of which are indicated in that Fund's Prospectus as being sold with a contingent deferred sales charge or early withdrawal charge (the "CDSC Funds"), you transfer agent and such Order will be paid a concession as disclosed in executed at the CDSC Fund's Prospectus and/or periodic instructions from usnet asset value next computed following receipt of payment. If a CDSC Fund is sold but the CDSC is waivedYou shall be responsible for any loss, you will not receive any concession. All dealer concessions are subject to change without notice expense, liability or damage, including loss of profit suffered by us and will comply with any changes in regulatory requirements. You agree that you will not combine customer orders /or the respective Funds resulting from your delay or failure to reach breakpoints in concessions make timely payment for any purpose whatsoever unless authorized by the Prospectus or by us in writingsuch Shares. (f) Certain You agree not to withhold placing Orders received from any customers for the purchase or sale of the classes of certain Funds have adopted distribution plans pursuant Shares so as to which we, on behalf of each such Fund, will pay profit yourself as a distribution fee and, for some classes, a service fee to dealers in accordance with the provisions result of such Funds' distribution planswithholding. The service fee is paid in accordance with Section 2(g) hereof as additional consideration forYou shall not purchase Shares through us except for the purpose of covering purchase orders received by you. You agree to purchase Shares only from us or your customers. If you purchase Shares from your customers, depending on the class, all individual shareholder services, including account maintenance services, or administrative services provided by you agree to shareholders of pay such customers not less than the applicable redemption price as established by the Fund. The distribution fee is paid to the broker of record as consideration for the distribution services the broker of record provides to its clients, including receiving and answering correspondence, assisting investors in completing application forms and selecting dividend and other account options, providing facilities to answer questions from clients about the Funds, and other past and continuing services to clients. The provisions and terms of these Funds' distribution plans are described in their respective Prospectuses, and you hereby agree that we have made no representations to you with respect to the distribution plans of such Funds in addition to, or conflicting with's then-current prospectus (i.e., the description set forth in their respective Prospectuses. No dealer discount or concession is applicable to Shares representing reinvested dividends and distributions. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed dealer discount, concession, service fee or distribution fee checkscurrently quoted net asset value). (g) Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, any dealer concessionsThe procedures relating to the processing and settlement of Orders shall be subject to such instructions, service fees or other payments described herein shall be paid only operating agreements as we may forward to the broker of record pursuant you from time to our records, whether that broker is the executing or clearing broker. Only one broker may be designated as the broker of record on any accounttime. (h) Any Order placed by you for the purchase of Shares of a Fund is subject to the timely receipt by the Fund's transfer agent of all required documents in good order. If such documents are not received within a reasonable time after the Order is placed, the Order is subject to cancellation, in which case you agree to be responsible for any loss resulting to the Fund or to us from such cancellation. (i) Notwithstanding Section 2(b) above, if the Securities and Exchange Commission adopts a rule, or Congress adopts a law, that changes the requirements for intermediaries with regard to accepting Orders on behalf of the Funds, the timing of transmitting Orders to the Funds, or otherwise affects the way Orders are accepted, transmitted or priced, Section 2(b) shall be deemed to be automatically amended to comply with such new rule or law. (j) You represent and warrant that you will consider all guidelines from the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD") and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") when determining whether a Fund is appropriate for your client, and which class is most appropriate. You further represent and warrant that you will recommend Shares only for those clients for whom the investment is suitable according to any such guidelines current at the time of the recommendation.