JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

      The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.




                  Dated:  August 8, 2003





                                        ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                          for itself and as general partner of
                                          ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED
                                          PARTNERSHIP


                                        By: /s/ Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
                                             ---------------------------
                                               Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
                                               Vice President


                                        XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                        Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx*
                                        --------------------------------

                                        *By: /s/ Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
                                             ---------------------------
                                                 Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
                                                 Vice President


                                        XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                        Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx*
                                        --------------------------------

                                        *By: /s/ Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
                                             ---------------------------
                                                 Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
                                                 Attorney-in-Fact