Dated: February 13, 2002

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                                      JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.


                           Dated:  February 13, 2002



                                    ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                        for itself and as general partner of
                                        ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                    By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                        -----------------------------------
                                               Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                               President


                                     XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                     /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                     --------------------------------------


                                     XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                     /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
                                     --------------------------------------