Exhibit 99.1
EXHIBIT 99.1 - JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
The undersigned hereby agree that they are filing this statement jointly
pursuant to Rule 13d-1(k)(1). Each of them is responsible for the timely filing
of such Schedule 13G and any amendments thereto, and for the completeness and
accuracy of the information concerning such person contained therein; but none
of them is responsible for the completeness or accuracy of the information
concerning the other persons making the filing, unless such person knows or has
reason to believe that such information is inaccurate.
In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k)(1) promulgated under the Securities and
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint
filing with each other on behalf of each of them of such a statement on Schedule
13G and any amendments thereto with respect to the equity securities (as defined
in Rule 13d-1(i)) of the issuer, beneficially owned by each of them. This Joint
Filing Agreement shall be included as an exhibit to such Schedule 13G and any
amendments thereto.
Date: October 11, 2024
First Trust Portfolios L.P.,
First Trust Advisors L.P. and
The Charger Corporation
By: /s/ Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
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Name: Xxxxx X. Xxxxx
Title: Chief Financial Officer of
First Trust Portfolios L.P. and
First Trust Advisors L.P., and
Chief Financial Officer and
Treasurer of The Charger
Corporation
