JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       Exhibit 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

      In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k) under the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended, the undersigned agree to the joint filing on behalf of each of
them the statement on Schedule 13G to which this agreement is attached as an
exhibit.

      The undersigned further agree that each party hereto is responsible for
the timely filing of such Schedule 13G and any amendments thereto, and for the
completeness and accuracy of the information concerning such party contained
therein; provided, however, that no party is responsible for the completeness or
accuracy of the information concerning any other party making the filing, unless
such party knows or has reason to believe that such information is inaccurate.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Joint Filing Agreement
on February 13, 2006.

                                   PASSPORT MASTER FUND, LP

                                        By: PASSPORT HOLDINGS, LLC
                                            as General Partner

                                        By: PASSPORT CAPITAL, LLC,
                                            as Managing Member

                                        By:  /s/ XXXX XXXXXXX
                                            ------------------------------------
                                            Xxxx Xxxxxxx
                                            Managing Member


                                   PASSPORT MASTER FUND II, LP

                                        By: PASSPORT HOLDINGS, LLC
                                            as General Partner

                                        By: PASSPORT CAPITAL, LLC,
                                            as Managing Member

                                        By:  /s/ XXXX XXXXXXX
                                            ----------------------------------
                                            Xxxx Xxxxxxx,
                                            Managing Member


                                                                              13


                                   PASSPORT HOLDINGS, LLC

                                         By: PASSPORT CAPITAL, LLC,
                                             as Managing Member

                                         By:  /s/ XXXX XXXXXXX
                                             ----------------------------------
                                             Xxxx Xxxxxxx,
                                             Managing Member


                                   PASSPORT MANAGEMENT, LLC

                                         By: PASSPORT CAPITAL, LLC,
                                             as Managing Member

                                         By:  /s/ XXXX XXXXXXX
                                             ----------------------------------
                                             Xxxx Xxxxxxx,
                                             Managing Member


                                   PASSPORT CAPITAL, LLC

                                   By: /s/ XXXX XXXXXXX
                                       ---------------------------------------
                                       Xxxx Xxxxxxx,
                                       Managing Member


                                     /s/ XXXX XXXXXXX
                                   ---------------------------------------------
                                   Xxxx Xxxxxxx