JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.


                           Dated:  February 13, 2002


                                ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                    for itself and as general partner of
                                    ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                    -----------------------------------
                                           Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                           President


                                 XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                 /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                 -----------------------------------------------


                                 XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                 /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
                                 -----------------------------------------------