JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.


                     Dated:  February 13, 2002


                                       ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                           for itself and as general partner of
                                           ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                       By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                           -----------------------------------
                                                  Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                                  President


                                        XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                        /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                        -------------------------------------


                                        XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                        /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
                                        -------------------------------------