EXHIBIT 1 JOINT FILING AGREEMENT The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to which this Agreement is attached. Dated: August 9, 2000

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

     The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.


               Dated:  August 9, 2000


                           ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                              for itself and as general partner of
                              ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED
                              PARTNERSHIP

                           By:          /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                        --------------------------
                                        Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                        President


                           XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                    /s/ Xxxxxx. X. Xxxxxxx
                                   -------------------------------

                           XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                    /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
                                    --------------------------------