JOINT FILING AGREEMENT The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to which this Agreement is attached. Dated: April 10, 2000 ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION for itself and as general partner of ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

                                                                      EXHIBIT 1

                                 JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

    The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.



                     Dated: April 10, 2000

                                ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                for itself and as general partner of
                                ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                              By:  /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                   ----------------------
                                   Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                   President

                              XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                              /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
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                              XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                              /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
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