Exhibit (b)
BY-LAWS
OF
THE VANTAGE FUND
ARTICLE 1
Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Principal Office
1.1 Agreement and Declaration of Trust. These By-Laws shall be subject to
the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as from time to time in effect (the
"Declaration of Trust"), of the above-captioned Massachusetts business trust
established by the Declaration of Trust (the "Trust").
1.2 Principal Office of the Trust. The principal office of the Trust shall
be located in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Its resident agent in Massachusetts
shall be United Corporate Services, 00 Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx 000, Xxxxxx,
Xxxxxxxxxxxxx 00000, or such other person as the Trustees from time to time may
select.
ARTICLE 2
Meetings of Trustees
2.1 Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Trustees may be held without
call or notice at such places and at such times as the Trustees from time to
time may determine, provided that notice of the first regular meeting following
any such determination shall be given to absent Trustees.
2.2 Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Trustees may be held at any
time and at any place designated in the call of the meeting when called by the
President or the Treasurer or by two or more Trustees, sufficient notice thereof
being given to each Trustee by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or by the
officer or the Trustees calling the meeting.
2.3 Notice of Special Meetings. It shall be sufficient notice to a Trustee
of a special meeting to send notice by mail at least forty-eight hours or by
telegram at least twenty-four hours before the meeting addressed to the Trustee
at his or her usual or last known business or residence address or to give
notice to him or her in person or by telephone at least twenty-four hours before
the meeting. Notice of a meeting need not be given to any Trustee if a written
waiver of notice, executed by him or her before or after the meeting, is filed
with the records of the meeting, or to any Trustee who attends the meeting
without protesting prior thereto or at its commencement the lack of notice to
him or her. Neither notice of a meeting nor a waiver of a notice need specify
the purposes of the meeting.
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2.4 Notice of Certain Actions by Consent. If in accordance with the
provisions of the Declaration of Trust any action is taken by the Trustees by a
written consent of less than all of the Trustees, then prompt notice of any such
action shall be furnished to each Trustee who did not execute such written
consent, provided that the effectiveness of such action shall not be impaired by
any delay or failure to furnish such notice.
ARTICLE 3
Officers
3.1 Enumeration; Qualification. The officers of the Trust shall be a
President, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and such other officers, if any, as the
Trustees from time to time may in their discretion elect. The Trust also may
have such agents as the Trustees from time to time may in their discretion
appoint. An officer may be but need not be a Trustee or shareholder. Any two or
more offices may be held by the same person.
3.2 Election. The President, the Treasurer and the Secretary shall be
elected by the Trustees upon the occurrence of any vacancy in any such office.
Other officers, if any, may be elected or appointed by the Trustees at any time.
Vacancies in any such other office may be filled at any time.
3.3 Tenure. The President, Treasurer and Secretary shall hold office in
each case until he or she sooner dies, resigns, is removed or becomes
disqualified. Each other officer shall hold office and each agent shall retain
authority at the pleasure of the Trustees.
3.4 Powers. Subject to the other provisions of these By-Laws, each officer
shall have, in addition to the duties and powers herein and in the Declaration
of Trust set forth, such duties and powers as commonly are incident to the
office occupied by him or her as if the Trust were organized as a Massachusetts
business corporation or such other duties and powers as the Trustees may from
time to time designate.
3.5 President. Unless the Trustees otherwise provide, the President shall
preside at all meetings of the shareholders and of the Trustees. Unless the
Trustees otherwise provide, the President shall be the chief executive officer.
3.6 Treasurer. The Treasurer shall be the chief financial and accounting
officer of the Trust, and, subject to the provisions of the Declaration of Trust
and to any arrangement made by the Trustees with a custodian, investment adviser
or manager, or transfer, shareholder servicing or similar agent, shall be in
charge of the valuable papers, books of account and accounting records of the
Trust, and shall have such other duties and powers as may be designated from
time to time by the Trustees or by the President.
3.7 Secretary. The Secretary shall record all proceedings of the
shareholders and the Trustees in books to be kept therefor, which books or a
copy thereof shall be kept at the principal office of the Trust. In the absence
of the Secretary from any meeting of the shareholders or Trustees, an Assistant
Secretary, or if there be none or if he or she is absent, a temporary Secretary
chosen at such meeting shall record the proceedings thereof in the aforesaid
books.
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3.8 Resignations and Removals. Any Trustee or officer may resign at any
time by written instrument signed by him or her and delivered to the President
or Secretary or to a meeting of the Trustees. Such resignation shall be
effective upon receipt unless specified to be effective at some other time. The
Trustees may remove any officer elected by them with or without cause. Except to
the extent expressly provided in a written agreement with the Trust, no Trustee
or officer resigning and no officer removed shall have any right to any
compensation for any period following his or her resignation or removal, or any
right to damages on account of such removal.
ARTICLE 4
Committees
4.1 Appointment. The Trustees may appoint from their number an executive
committee and other committees. Except as the Trustees otherwise may determine,
any such committee may make rules for conduct of its business.
4.2 Quorum; Voting. A majority of the members of any Committee of the
Trustees shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and any
action of such a Committee may be taken at a meeting by a vote of a majority of
the members present (a quorum being present).
ARTICLE 5
Reports
The Trustees and officers shall render reports at the time and in the
manner required by the Declaration of Trust or any applicable law. Officers and
Committees shall render such additional reports as they may deem desirable or as
may from time to time be required by the Trustees.
ARTICLE 6
Fiscal Year
The fiscal year of the Trust shall be fixed, and shall be subject to
change, by the Board of Trustees.
ARTICLE 7
Seal
The seal of the Trust shall consist of a flat-faced die with the word
"Massachusetts," together with the name of the Trust and the year of its
organization cut or engraved thereon but, unless otherwise required by the
Trustees, the seal shall not be necessary to be placed on, and in its absence
shall not impair the validity of, any document, instrument or other paper
executed and delivered by or on behalf of the Trust.
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ARTICLE 8
Execution of Papers
Except as the Trustees generally or in particular cases may authorize the
execution thereof in some other manner, all deeds, leases, contracts, notes and
other obligations made by the Trustees shall be signed by the President, any
Vice President, or by the Treasurer and need not bear the seal of the Trust.
ARTICLE 9
Issuance of Share Certificates
9.1 Sale of Shares. Except as otherwise determined by the Trustees, the
Trust will issue and sell for cash or securities from time to time, full and
fractional shares of its shares of beneficial interest, such shares to be issued
and sold at a price of not less than net asset value per share, as from time to
time determined in accordance with the Declaration of Trust and these By-Laws
and, in the case of fractional shares, at a proportionate reduction in such
price. In the case of shares sold for securities, such securities shall be
valued in accordance with the provisions for determining value of assets of the
Trust as stated in the Declaration of Trust and these By-Laws. The officers of
the Trust are severally authorized to take all such actions as may be necessary
or desirable to carry out this Section 9.1.
9.2 Share Certificates. In lieu of issuing certificates for shares, the
Trustees or the transfer agent either may issue receipts therefor or may keep
accounts upon the books of the Trust for the record holders of such shares, who
shall in either case, for all purposes hereunder, be deemed to be the holders of
certificates for such shares as if they had accepted such certificates and shall
be held to have expressly assented and agreed to the terms hereof.
The Trustees at any time may authorize the issuance of share certificates.
In that event, each shareholder shall be entitled to a certificate stating the
number of shares owned by him or her, in such form as shall be prescribed from
time to time by the Trustees. Such certificate shall be signed by the President
or Vice President and by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer. Such signatures
may be facsimile if the certificate is signed by a transfer agent, or by a
registrar, other than a Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust. In case any
officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed on such
certificate shall cease to be such officer before such certificate is issued, it
may be issued by the Trust with the same effect as if he or she were such
officer at the time of its issue.
9.3 Loss of Certificates. The Trust, or if any transfer agent is appointed
for the Trust, the transfer agent with the approval of any two officers of the
Trust, is authorized to issue and countersign replacement certificates for the
shares of the Trust which have been lost, stolen or destroyed subject to the
deposit of a bond or other indemnity in such form and with such security, if
any, as the Trustees may require.
9.4 Discontinuance of Issuance of Certificates. The Trustees at any time
may discontinue the issuance of share certificates and by written notice to each
shareholder, may require the surrender of share certificates to the Trust for
cancellation. Such surrender and cancellation shall not affect the ownership of
shares in the Trust.
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ARTICLE 10
Indemnification
10.1 Trustees, Officers, etc. The Trust shall indemnify each of its
Trustees and officers (including persons who serve at the Trust's request as
directors, officers or trustees of another organization in which the Trust has
any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise) (hereinafter referred to
as a "Covered Person") against all liabilities and expenses, including but not
limited to amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or as fines
and penalties, and counsel fees reasonably incurred by any Covered Person in
connection with the defense or disposition of any action, suit or other
proceeding, whether civil or criminal, before any court or administrative or
legislative body, in which such Covered Person may be or may have been involved
as a party or otherwise or with which such person may be or may have been
threatened, while in office or thereafter, by reason of being or having been
such a Trustee or officer, except with respect to any matter as to which such
Covered Person shall have been finally adjudicated in a decision on the merits
in any such action, suit or other proceeding not to have acted in good faith in
the reasonable belief that such Covered Person's action was in the best
interests of the Trust and except that no Covered Person shall be indemnified
against any liability to the Trust or its Shareholders to which such Covered
Person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith,
gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of
such Covered Person's office. Expenses, including counsel fees so incurred by
any such Covered Person (but excluding amounts paid in satisfaction of
judgments, in compromise or as fines or penalties), may be paid from time to
time by the Trust in advance of the final disposition or any such action, suit
or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such Covered
Person to repay amounts so paid to the Trust if it is ultimately determined that
indemnification of such expenses is not authorized under this Article, provided
that (a) such Covered Person shall provide security for his or her undertaking,
(b) the Trust shall be insured against losses arising by reason of such Covered
Person's failure to fulfill his or her undertaking, or (c) a majority of the
Trustees who are disinterested persons and who are not Interested Persons (as
that term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) (provided that a
majority of such Trustees then in office act on the matter), or independent
legal counsel in a written opinion, shall determine, based on a review of
readily available facts (but not a full trial-type inquiry), that there is
reason to believe such Covered Person ultimately will be entitled to
indemnification.
10.2 Compromise Payment. As to any matter disposed of (whether by a
compromise payment, pursuant to a consent decree or otherwise) without an
adjudication in a decision on the merits by a court, or by any other body before
which the proceeding was brought, that such Covered Person either (a) did not
act in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Person's action was
in the best interests of the Trust or (b) is liable to the Trust or its
Shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or
reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered
Person's office, indemnification shall be provided if (a) approved as in the
best interest of the Trust, after notice that it involves such indemnification,
by at least a majority of the Trustees who are disinterested persons and are not
Interested Persons (provided that a majority of such Trustees then in office act
on the matter), upon a determination, based upon a review of readily available
facts (but not a full trial-type inquiry) that such Covered Person acted in good
faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Person's action was in the best
interests of the Trust and is not liable to the Trust or its
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Shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or
reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered
Person's office, or (b) there has been obtained an opinion in writing of
independent legal counsel, based upon a review of readily available facts (but
not a full trial-type inquiry) to the effect that such Covered Person appears to
have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered Person's
action was in the best interests of the Trust and that such indemnification
would not protect such Covered Person against any liability to the Trust to
which such Covered Person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful
misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties
involved in the conduct of his office. Any approval pursuant to this Section
shall not prevent the recovery from any Covered Person of any amount paid to
such Covered Person in accordance with this Section as indemnification if such
Covered Person is subsequently adjudicated by a court of competent jurisdiction
not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Covered
Person's action was in the best interests of the Trust or to have been liable to
the Trust or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross
negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such
Covered Person's office.
10.3 Indemnification Not Exclusive. The right of indemnification hereby
provided shall not be exclusive of or affect any other rights to which any such
Covered Person may be entitled. As used in this Article 10, the term "Covered
Person" shall include such person's heirs, executors and administrators, and a
"disinterested person" is a person against whom none of the actions, suits or
other proceedings in question or another action, suit, or other proceeding on
the same or similar grounds is then or has been pending. Nothing contained in
this Article shall affect any rights to indemnification to which personnel of
the Trust, other than Trustees and officers, and other persons may be entitled
by contract or otherwise under law, nor the power of the Trust to purchase and
maintain liability insurance on behalf of such person.
10.4 Limitation. Notwithstanding any provisions in the Declaration of
Trust and these By-Laws pertaining to indemnification, all such provisions are
limited by the following undertaking set forth in the rules promulgated by the
Securities and Exchange Commission:
In the event that a claim for indemnification is asserted by a
Trustee, officer or controlling person of the Trust in connection with the
registered securities of the Trust, the Trust will not make such
indemnification unless (i) the Trust has submitted, before a court or
other body, the question of whether the person to be indemnified was
liable by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or
reckless disregard of duties, and has obtained a final decision on the
merits that such person was not liable by reason of such conduct or (ii)
in the absence of such decision, the Trust shall have obtained a
reasonable determination, based upon a review of the facts, that such
person was not liable by virtue of such conduct, by (a) the vote of a
majority of Trustees who are neither interested persons as such term is
defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, nor parties to the
proceeding or (b) an independent legal counsel in a written opinion.
The Trust will not advance attorneys' fees or other expenses incurred by
the person to be indemnified unless (i) the Trust shall have received an
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undertaking by or on behalf of such person to repay the advance unless it is
ultimately determined that such person is entitled to indemnification and (ii)
one of the following conditions shall have occurred: (x) such person shall
provide security for his undertaking, (y) the Trust shall be insured against
losses arising by reason of any lawful advances or (z) a majority of the
disinterested, non-party Trustees of the Trust, or an independent legal counsel
in a written opinion, shall have determined that based on a review of readily
available facts there is reason to believe that such person ultimately will be
found entitled to indemnification.
ARTICLE 11
Shareholders
11.1 Meetings. A meeting of the shareholders shall be called by the
Secretary whenever ordered by the Trustees, or requested in writing by the
holder or holders of at least 10% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote at
such meeting. If the meeting is a meeting of the shareholders of one or more
series or class of shares, but not a meeting of all shareholders of the Trust,
then only the shareholders of such one or more series or classes shall be
entitled to notice of and to vote at the meeting. If the Secretary, when so
ordered or requested, refuses or neglects for more than five days to call such
meeting, the Trustees, or the shareholders so requesting may, in the name of the
Secretary, call the meeting by giving notice thereof in the manner required when
notice is given by the Secretary.
11.2 Access to Shareholder List. Shareholders of record may apply to the
Trustees for assistance in communicating with other shareholders for the purpose
of calling a meeting in order to vote upon the question of removal of a Trustee.
When ten or more shareholders of record who have been such for at least six
months preceding the date of application and who hold in the aggregate shares
having a net asset value of at least $25,000 or at least 1% of the outstanding
shares, whichever is less, so apply, the Trustees shall within five business
days either:
(i) afford to such applicants access to a list of names and addresses of
all shareholders as recorded on the books of the Trust; or
(ii) inform such applicants of the approximate number of shareholders of
record and the approximate cost of mailing material to them and, within a
reasonable time thereafter, mail materials submitted by the applicants to all
such shareholders of record. The Trustees shall not be obligated to mail
materials which they believe to be misleading or in violation of applicable law.
11.3 Record Dates. For the purpose of determining the shareholders of any
series or class who are entitled to vote or act at any meeting or any
adjournment thereof, or who are entitled to receive payment of any dividend or
of any other distribution, the Trustees from time to time may fix a time, which
shall be not more than 90 days before the date of any meeting of shareholders or
the date of payment of any dividend or of any other distribution, as the record
date for determining the shareholders of such series or class having the right
to notice of and to vote at such meeting and any adjournment thereof or the
right to receive such dividend or
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distribution, and in such case only shareholders of record on such record date
shall have such right notwithstanding any transfer of shares on the books of the
Trust after the record date; or without fixing such record date the Trustees may
for any such purposes close the register or transfer books for all or part of
such period.
11.4 Place of Meetings. All meetings of the shareholders shall be held at
the principal office of the Trust or at such other place within the United
States as shall be designated by the Trustees or the President of the Trust.
11.5 Notice of Meetings. A written notice of each meeting of shareholders,
stating the place, date and hour and the purposes of the meeting, shall be given
at least ten days before the meeting to each shareholder entitled to vote
thereat by leaving such notice with him or at his residence or usual place of
business or by mailing it, postage prepaid, and addressed to such shareholder at
his address as it appears in the records of the Trust. Such notice shall be
given by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or by an officer designated by
the Trustees. No notice of any meeting of shareholders need be given to a
shareholder if a written waiver of notice, executed before or after the meeting
by such shareholder or his attorney thereunto duly authorized, is filed with the
records of the meeting.
11.6 Ballots. No ballot shall be required for any election unless
requested by a shareholder present or represented at the meeting and entitled to
vote in the election.
11.7 Proxies. Shareholders entitled to vote may vote either in person or
by proxy in writing dated not more than six months before the meeting named
therein, which proxies shall be filed with the Secretary or other person
responsible to record the proceedings of the meeting before being voted. Unless
otherwise specifically limited by their terms, such proxies shall entitle the
holders thereof to vote at any adjournment of such meeting but shall not be
valid after the final adjournment of such meeting. The placing of a
shareholder's name on a proxy pursuant to telephonic or electronically
transmitted instructions obtained pursuant to procedures reasonably designed to
verify that such instructions have been authorized by such shareholder shall
constitute execution of such proxy by or on behalf of such shareholder.
ARTICLE 12
Amendments to the By-Laws
These By-Laws may be amended or repealed, in whole or in part, by a
majority of the Trustees then in office at any meeting of the Trustees, or by
one or more writings signed by such a majority.
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