JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.




                           Dated:  December 10, 2001





                                      ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                          for itself and as general partner of
                                          ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP




                                      By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                          -----------------------------------
                                                 Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                                 President


                                       XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                       /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
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                                       XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                       /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
                                       --------------------------------------