EXHIBIT 10.47
EXECUTION COPY
SUPPLY AGREEMENT
DATED AS OF FEBRUARY 25, 2004
BY AND BETWEEN
NOVEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
AND
ENDO PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
THE CONFIDENTIAL PORTIONS OF THIS EXHIBIT HAVE BEEN FILED SEPARATELY WITH THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION PURSUANT TO A CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT REQUEST
IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 24B-2 OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS
AMENDED. REDACTED PORTIONS OF THIS EXHIBIT ARE MARKED BY AN ***.
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SUPPLY AGREEMENT
THIS SUPPLY AGREEMENT (the "Agreement"), is hereby entered into as of
February 25, 2004 (the "Effective Date"), by and between Noven Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Noven"), and Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc., a
Delaware corporation ("Endo").
WITNESSETH
WHEREAS, Noven and Endo are contemporaneously herewith entering into a License
Agreement (the "License Agreement") related to a fentanyl transdermal patch
product (the "Product" as further defined herein) developed by Noven;
WHEREAS, Noven desires to manufacture and supply Endo with its requirements of
Product; and,
WHEREAS, Endo desires to purchase its requirements of the Product from Noven
pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements of the
parties contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the
receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties hereby
agree as follows:
ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS
Section 1.01. Definitions. As used herein, the following capitalized
terms have the following meanings:
"ANDA" means an abbreviated new drug application filed with the FDA
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 355(j).
"Affiliate" means with respect to a Person, any legally distinct
corporation, firm, individual or other form or business organization which is,
directly or indirectly, controlled by, controlling, or under common control
with, the subject Person hereto. An entity shall be regarded as being in control
of another entity if such first entity has the direct or indirect power to order
or cause the direction of the management and policies of the other entity,
whether through ownership of at least fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding
voting securities or participating profit interest of such entity, through other
dominant equity ownership or by contract, statute, regulation or otherwise.
"API" means the active pharmaceutical ingredient fentanyl base.
"Applicable Law" means, with respect to any Person, any domestic or
foreign, federal, state or local statute, treaty, law, ordinance, rule,
regulation, administrative interpretation, order, writ, injunction, judicial
decision, decree or other requirement of any Governmental Authority applicable
to such Person or any of such Person's respective properties, assets, officers,
directors,
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employees, consultants or agents (in connection with such officers', directors',
employees', consultants' or agents' activities on behalf of such Person).
"Business Day" means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day
on which commercial banks in New York, New York, USA are authorized or required
by law to close.
"Code of Federal Regulations" or "C.F.R." means the codification of the
general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register. Title 21 of the
C.F.R. contains the regulations promulgated by the FDA pursuant to the FDC Act.
"Confidential Information" means all secret, confidential or
proprietary data, know-how and related information, including all regulatory
applications and other regulatory filings, regulatory and clinical materials,
Materials, the content of any unpublished patent applications, operating methods
and procedures, marketing, manufacturing, distribution and sales methods and
systems, sales figures, pricing policies and price lists and other business
information and shall include all information disclosed or accessed by a party
from the other in connection with this Agreement.
"Damages" means all liabilities, demands, obligations, assessments,
judgments, levies, losses, fines, penalties, damages (including compensatory
damages), costs and expenses, including reasonable attorneys', accountants',
investigators', and experts' fees and expenses, reasonably sustained or incurred
in connection with the defense or investigation of any Proceedings (including
any Proceedings to establish insurance coverage).
"FDA" means the United States Food and Drug Administration and any
successor agency thereto.
"FDC Act" means the United States Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act,
21 U.S.C. ss. 301 et seq., as amended, and the regulations promulgated there
under, as amended from time to time.
"GAAP" means generally accepted accounting principles in effect in the
United States from time to time.
"GMP" means the current Good Manufacturing Practices as that term is
presently or hereafter defined by the FDA or other applicable Regulatory
Authority.
"Governmental Authority" means any foreign, domestic, federal,
territorial, state or local governmental authority, quasi-governmental
authority, instrumentality, court, government or self-regulatory organization
(including any securities exchange such as The NASDAQ Stock Market), commission,
tribunal or organization or any regulatory, administrative or other agency, or
any political or other subdivision, department or branch of any of the
foregoing.
"Label" shall mean any package (primary or secondary container)
labeling designed for use with the Product, including the package insert; and
any variation of such term, such as "Labeled" or "Labeling", shall mean the act
of doing the foregoing.
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"Materials" means all ingredients, items or substances (including those
that may not appear in the Product) used or required for use by Noven to
manufacture the Product, including the API, all other active drug ingredients,
excipients, packaging components, printed materials and manufacturing materials
associated with the Product.
"Manufacturing Facility" means Noven's facility located at 00000 X.X.
000xx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx 00000 or such other FDA-approved facility as Noven
may notify to Endo from time to time.
"Person" means an individual, a corporation, a general partnership, a
limited partnership, a limited liability company, a limited liability
partnership, an association, a trust or any other entity or organization,
including a Governmental Authority.
"Proceedings" means governmental, judicial, administrative or
adversarial proceedings (public or private), litigation, suits, arbitration,
disputes, claims, causes of action or investigations.
"Product" or "Products" means the products listed in Exhibit C which
are the fully packaged, labeled and released fentanyl transdermal patch product
that is the subject of the Product ANDA.
"Quality Agreement" means the Quality Agreement attached hereto as
Exhibit B.
"Regulatory Authority" means a Governmental Authority that has the
authority over the manufacture, use, storage, import, export, clinical testing,
transport, marketing, sale or distribution of the Product in all or any portion
of the Territory, including the FDA.
"Securities Laws" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as
amended, the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and any
other similar law or regulation of a Governmental Authority, or any successor to
any such laws or regulations, together with any rules, regulations or listing
standards or agreements of any national or international securities exchange or
The NASDAQ Stock Market.
"Specifications" means, collectively, the manufacturing, packaging and
testing procedures and standards for Product, including all applicable control
procedures and analytical test methods, each as described in the Product ANDA as
amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time in accordance with
Applicable Law.
"Territory" shall have the meaning set forth in the License Agreement
as may be amended from time to time.
"Validation Batches" means the batches which Noven elects to utilize to
satisfy the FDA requirements regarding validation of its commercial
manufacturing process. ***
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Section 1.02. Other Definitions. Each of the following terms is defined
in the section of this Agreement referenced opposite such term.
Term..........................................Section
---- -------
Agreement ...................................Preamble
Collar...........................................4.03
Endo.........................................Preamble
Effective Date ..............................Preamble
Force Majeure Event ............................11.13
Launch Quantities ...............................3.09
License Agreement ...........................Recitals
Noven........................................Preamble
Rejection Notice .............................3.07(a)
Tech Transfer Services.......................10.02(e)
Term ...........................................10.01
ARTICLE II COMMITMENT TO SUPPLY AND PURCHASE
Section 2.01. Supply. Subject to the terms and conditions of this
Agreement and the license rights granted to Endo in the License Agreement, from
and after the Effective Date: (1) Noven shall use commercially reasonable
efforts to supply Endo with its requirements of Product as ordered by Endo
pursuant to the terms of this Agreement; (2) Noven shall not supply Product to
any third Party for use or sale within the Territory without the prior written
consent of Endo; (3) Endo shall purchase Product exclusively from Noven; and,
(4) Endo shall only use and sell Product within the Territory.
Section 2.02. API. In the event that either party is able to secure a
lower price for the API from a source that meets Noven's quality requirements,
subject to Noven's contractual commitments with its suppliers, Noven will work
with Endo in good faith to utilize such API in place of its own source of API.
Once agreed to by both parties to qualify a lower price API, Endo and Noven
shall equally share all out of pocket expenses in qualifying and otherwise
securing such new API source. To the extent that Noven is able to use such lower
priced API, the lower cost will be reflected in Noven's manufacturing costs for
the Product. *** In the period prior to commercial launch of the Product, to the
extent that Endo supplies Noven with the API, Endo will invoice Noven for the
portion of the cost of such API for which Noven is assuming risk pursuant to
Section 3.09 below. All such invoices shall be due and payable within thirty
days of receipt and shall bear interest at the rate of 1% per month or the
maximum allowable by law on any overdue amounts. Noven shall include such API
costs in its manufacturing costs and Endo shall deduct the API costs not
invoiced to Noven from the next *** payment otherwise owed Noven under the
License Agreement. After the commercial launch of the Product, Endo shall deduct
the cost of the API it supplies Noven from the next *** payment otherwise owed
Noven under the License Agreement.
Section 2.03. Compliance with Applicable Law. Endo hereby covenants and
agrees that Endo and its Affiliates shall store, handle, transport, market,
promote, sell, distribute, use and otherwise dispose of any Product supplied by
Noven, and any materials used in connection with
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such Product, including any labeling, packaging and advertising, in accordance
with all Applicable Laws.
ARTICLE III FORECASTS, ORDERS, DELIVERY AND ACCEPTANCE
Section 3.01. Forecasts. Within 30 days of the Effective Date, Endo
shall provide to Noven a good faith, but non-binding, forecast of its
requirements for Product for the following twenty-four (24) months. Beginning
approximately 9 months before the anticipated commercial launch date of the
Product by Endo and within ten Business Days after the first day of each
calendar month thereafter during the Term, Endo will provide Noven with a
non-binding (except as otherwise provided in Section 3.03), rolling 12-month
forecast of its requirements of Product to be delivered by Noven. Endo shall use
reasonable commercial efforts to ensure that its forecasts are as accurate as
possible.
Section 3.02. Validation Batches and Initial Order. Noven and Endo
hereby acknowledge and agree that, in order to address the initial requirements
for the commercial launch of the Product, the lead times associated with
manufacturing Product and the general preparation for such commercial launch,
Noven and Endo will consult with each other in good faith regarding the
anticipated commercial launch date. In connection with such discussions Endo
will provide a binding initial purchase order to Noven approximately ***; the
delivery date for such purchase orders shall be between one and thirty days
prior to the anticipated commercial launch date of the Product. The initial
purchase orders shall be for quantities of the Product sufficient for launch and
for the first month of sales of the Product; such amount of product shall be no
less than ***and no greater than *** of Endo's most recent forecasted
requirements for the first month of sales of the Product; provided, however,
that upon request by Endo, Noven shall attempt in good faith to supply a
quantity of the Product in excess of *** of the amount.
Section 3.03. Future Orders. For anticipated sales of Product by Endo
in the second month following commercial launch of the Product and thereafter
during the Term Endo shall submit purchase orders to Noven for such Product on a
monthly basis. Each purchase order shall be submitted at least ninety (90) days
prior to the expected respective sales month. Each purchase order shall specify
an amount of Product that is at least *** and no greater than *** of Endo's most
recent previous forecast for the applicable month; provided, however, that upon
request by Endo, Noven shall attempt in good faith to supply a quantity of the
Product in excess of *** of the amount previously forecasted by Endo for any
such month. Each purchase order shall be binding, and shall specify a delivery
date that is no sooner than ninety days after submission of the purchase order
to Noven. In the event that the terms and conditions of any purchase order are
inconsistent with or conflict with the terms and conditions of this Agreement,
the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall govern.
Section 3.04. Order Size. All purchase orders for Product placed by
Endo shall be for amounts of product equal to a full manufacturing batch or
multiples thereof with the amount ordered based on the estimated actual yields.
An estimate of the number of units per batch is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
The actual number of units delivered pursuant to any purchase order for Product
shall be equal to the number of units produced in each batch thereof, subject to
reduction of the number of units produced in any batch by the number of units
not suitable for
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release or otherwise retained pursuant to the provisions of the Quality
Agreement. In the event that Noven shall deliver less than *** of the units
ordered by Endo pursuant to any purchase order (which number shall be determined
with reference to the number of units estimated to be yielded by each batch
ordered by Endo as reflected on Exhibit A), Noven shall notify Endo in writing
of the amount of such shortfall upon discovery of the shortfall of the Product.
Endo shall, within 30 days of receipt of such delivery, either (a) accept such
delivery in full satisfaction of the purchase order (as to quantity only and not
in waiver of Endo's opportunity to reject under pursuant to Section 3.07), or
(b) issue a replacement purchase order for an additional batch of the Product,
and Noven shall use reasonable commercial efforts to deliver such Product within
60 days of the date of such replacement purchase order; provided, that in either
case Endo shall accept and pay to Noven the price for the units of Product
delivered. Endo's failure to issue a replacement purchase order within such
30-day period shall be deemed as an acceptance of such delivery pursuant to
subsection (a) above. Any replacement Purchase order submitted by Endo to Noven
pursuant to this Section 3.04 shall be subject to the same terms and conditions
of this Agreement as purchase orders submitted pursuant to section 3.03.
Section 3.05. Delivery. Product shall be delivered to Endo by Noven Ex
Works (Incoterms 2000) Noven's Manufacturing Facility. All Products shall be
properly prepared for safe and lawful shipment by Noven, shall be shipped to
Endo's distribution center in Memphis, Tennessee or other location designated by
Endo, via the common carrier selected by Endo, and shall be accompanied by
appropriate transportation and other agreed upon documentation including,
without limitation, DEA form 222. Noven shall ensure that the common carrier
vehicles onto which the Product is loaded are environmentally controlled
vehicles. Noven shall make all arrangements for shipping via the common carrier
at Endo's expense. No product of any other party shall be shipped with the
Products. Shipping cost actually prepaid by Noven will be billed to Endo monthly
by Noven on separate invoices.
Section 3.06. Active Ingredient Quota. On April 1 of each calendar
year, Endo shall deliver to Noven a forecast of its requirements of the Product
for the following calendar year, for the purpose of assisting Noven in
projecting its demand for the Active Ingredient for such calendar year for
submission to and approval by the DEA.
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Section 3.07. Acceptance and Rejection of the Product.
(a) Endo shall, (i) in the case of defects which are discovered during
incoming inspection by Endo, within 30 days after Endo receives delivery of
shipment of the Product, or (ii) in the case of latent defect, within 30 days
from the date that Endo discovered such defect, notify Noven, in writing, of any
rejection of any such Product ("Rejection Notice"), on the basis of (A) any
non-compliance with the Specifications or (B) failure of any such shipment to
conform with any product warranty set forth in this Agreement. Failure to
provide Rejection Notice to Noven within the applicable 30-day period shall
constitute acceptance by Endo of the shipment. Any such possible Rejection
Notice shall state in reasonable detail (sufficient to enable Noven to identify
the nature of the problem for tests or studies to be conducted by or on its
behalf or to dispute the same) the reason why Endo believes the Product may not
be acceptable to Endo. Endo shall, within five business days of its receipt of a
request by Noven for samples of rejected Product, provide samples of the Product
being rejected, if appropriate, and copies of written reports relating to tests,
studies or investigations performed to date by or on behalf of Endo on the
Product being rejected.
(b) Endo's test results or basis for rejection shall be conclusive
unless Noven notifies Endo, within 30 days of receipt by Noven of the Rejection
Notice, that it disagrees with such test results or basis for rejection. If Endo
and Noven fail to agree within 10 days after Noven's notice to Endo as to
whether any Product identified in the Rejection Notice (i) deviates from the
Specifications to any extent, or (ii) breaches a representation or warranty in
this Agreement to an extent that the Product is not saleable, representative
samples of the batch of the Product in question shall be submitted to a mutually
acceptable independent laboratory or consultant (if not a laboratory analysis
issue) for analysis or review. If such laboratory needs to be qualified, then
Endo and Noven will equally share the cost and expense of the qualification. The
results of such evaluation shall be binding upon the parties. If Noven and Endo
determine by agreement or if such evaluation certifies that the Product was
properly rejected by Endo, Endo may reject the Product in the manner
contemplated by Section 3.07(c). The party that is determined to have been
incorrect in its determination of whether the Product should be rejected shall
pay the costs of any such evaluation. Should the fees associated with the work
conducted by the independent laboratory or consultant be due up front, Endo and
Noven shall each pay 50% of such upfront fees; provided, that if it is
determined by the independent laboratory or consultant that either party shall
have been incorrect in its determination, such party shall reimburse the other
party for such 50% of fees.
(c) In the event an order or partial order is rejected by Endo pursuant
to the provisions of this Section 3.07, Endo shall return to Noven (or, at the
election of Noven, destroy and provide evidence of such destruction to Noven)
any units of such rejected Product. Noven shall, at Endo's election, either (i)
credit the original invoice in respect of the rejected Product and re-invoice
Endo for the units that were not rejected and credit Endo any reasonable
expenses incurred by it related to the shipping of the rejected Product to Endo
and the return or destruction of the rejected Product against other amounts then
due Noven hereunder or (ii) at Noven's cost and expense, replace such rejected
Product with conforming Product as soon as practicable. Noven shall have no
obligation to Endo with regard to any defective Product if it is determined
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that any such defect is attributable to the failure by any Person to properly
store, transport or care for such Product after such Product leaves Noven's
possession.
(d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement to the
contrary (except Section 3.09 below), in the event that Endo receives Product in
violation of the Product dating warranty set forth at Section 5.01(d), Endo will
attempt to mitigate the damages caused by such breach by using commercially
reasonable efforts to sell such Product with twelve (12) or more months of
dating, provided, however, that Noven shall remain responsible for its breach of
Section 5.01(d) in the event that Endo is unsuccessful in its efforts to sell
such Products or its results result in the Product being sold at a reduced
price.
Section 3.08. Notices Regarding Supply. If at anytime during the Term
of this Agreement Noven determines that its ability to supply Endo's
requirements of Product may be hindered, Noven shall promptly notify Endo.
Section 3.09 Endo Responsibility for Launch Quantity API. In the event
that any portion of the Validation Batches or orders for the first three months
of commercial supply (the "Launch Quantities") become unsaleable due to delay in
receiving final FDA Regulatory Approval for the Product, FDA required changes in
the Product labeling (including the printed patch backing) or a Force Majeure
event (including in each case where the unsaleability is due to a resulting
diminished remaining shelf-life), the parties shall share the risk as follows:
Endo shall be responsible for the actual API costs for such unsaleable Product
as follows: (i) *** of the API cost for unsaleable validation batches, (ii) ***
of the API Cost for unsaleable Product ordered for the *** and *** following
launch, and (iii) *** of the API cost for unsaleable Launch Quantities above the
Noven API Launch Cost Cap (as defined in this paragraph). Noven shall have not
responsibility to Endo for any API costs above the Noven API Launch Cost Cap.
The initial Noven API Launch Cost Cap shall be ***, and is based on the
preliminary launch quantity estimates set forth on Schedule 3.09. In the event
that the actual Launch Quantities ordered are in excess of the amounts set forth
in Schedule 3.09, then the Noven API Launch Cost Cap shall be increased by the
proportional increase in the amount of API required to make such additional
quantities up to a maximum aggregate Noven API Launch Cost Cap of ***. By way of
example, if Endo's orders for launch quantities require *** more API then the
estimated orders set forth on Schedule 3.09, then the Noven API Launch Cost Cap
would be ***. Additionally, Endo shall reimburse Noven for one-half of all of
Noven's actual incremental variable costs associated with the manufacturing of
the Launch Quantities in excess of the estimated quantities set forth in
Schedule 3.09. Noven shall bear the risk of loss for all costs associated with
manufacturing the Launch Quantities other than Endo's responsibility for Launch
Quantity API and incremental manufacturing costs set forth above; and, in the
event that Noven is bearing the cost of the API then Noven shall invoice Endo
for the amount of the API cost for which Endo is responsible pursuant to this
Section 3.09 at the time such API is received by Noven. Such invoices shall be
due and payable within thirty days of receipt by Endo, and Endo shall deduct
such API costs from the next Gross Margin payment otherwise owed Noven under
this License Agreement.
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ARTICLE IV PRICE AND PAYMENT
Section 4.01. Invoice. Following shipment of each order of the Product
to Endo, Noven shall promptly invoice Endo for such shipment. Each invoice shall
specify the amount of product shipped, the per unit invoice Price of the Product
as further described in Section 4.02 below, and the total invoice amount.
Subject to Section 3.07(c), Endo shall pay Noven for each shipment of Product
the total invoiced amount within thirty (30) days after the date of receipt of a
correct invoice, the Product and all supporting documentation (such as the
certificate of analysis) required to perform an incoming quality assurance
inspection; provided that with respect to any shipments for which Endo has
identified a quality assurance issue during such thirty (30) day period, payment
therefore shall be ten (10) business days from the date of resolution of such
quality assurance issue. Both parties agree to provide their full cooperation
with any quality assurance investigation and to use commercially reasonable
efforts to achieve the prompt resolution of any such investigation. All payments
required to be made hereunder shall be paid in United States dollars and made by
corporate check drawn on a United States bank or a United States branch of a
foreign bank, or by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the
financial institution, account number and account party's name designated in
writing by Noven to Endo from time to time. Should Endo dispute any portion of
an invoice, it shall not be required to pay any portion of such invoice until
such time as the dispute is resolved and Endo receives a fully corrected
invoice; provided that, in such an event, Noven shall have the option of issuing
a new, correct invoice for the portion of the original invoice not in dispute,
and Endo shall pay such new invoice within 10 business days of the receipt of
the corrected invoice (provided that Endo shall have no obligation to pay
earlier than when the payment following the original invoice would have been
due). Interest shall accrue on any overdue and undisputed amount due and payable
to Noven at the lesser rate of 1% per month or the maximum rate permitted by law
Section 4.02. Invoice Price. Noven shall charge Endo for shipped
Product manufactured for commercial sale in the United States on a per unit
basis at Noven's actual fully loaded manufacturing cost. Noven shall charge Endo
for shipped Product manufactured for commercial sale in Canada on a per unit
basis at Noven's actual fully loaded manufacturing cost plus ***. Noven's fully
loaded manufacturing cost shall be calculated in accordance with Section 4.03
below. A non-binding estimate of the price for the first year of commercial
supply of the U.S. Product, together with a detailed allocation of the
calculation of each component of Noven's fully loaded manufacturing costs, is
set forth on Schedule 4.02. Noven shall provide Endo with a similar estimate
within 30 days of the beginning of each subsequent contract year. The transfer
price for the Product charged to Endo in each Invoice will be based on good
faith estimates by Noven of the actual fully loaded manufacturing cost of
Product. Semi-annually Noven shall reconcile the amount invoiced to Endo and
paid by Endo with Noven's actual fully loaded manufacturing cost. Noven shall
provide a copy of each reconciliation to Endo. To the extent that Noven has
overcharged Endo, Noven shall credit to Endo all amounts overcharged. To the
extent that Noven has undercharged Endo, Noven shall invoice Endo for the
undercharged amount in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. In the event
of a dispute between Endo and Noven as to the proper calculation of the Product
Price, such dispute shall be referred to an independent accounting firm mutually
agreeable to the parties per Section 6.01 below, whose opinion shall be final
and binding.
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Section 4.03. Limit on Overhead Allocation. For purposes of determining
Noven's fully loaded manufacturing cost of Product supplied to Endo hereunder,
Noven shall include Noven's actual cost of materials and labor and an allocation
of Noven's total manufacturing overhead. This allocation shall be determined
using the same methodology Noven uses in determining its cost of goods for the
other products it manufactures, all in accordance with GAAP consistently
applied, but subject to the further limitations described in this Section 4.03.
For the ***, provided that the total units shipped in such period are within the
range set forth in Schedule 4.03, Noven shall allocate between *** (the
"Collar") of overhead to its Product manufacturing cost. For each succeeding ***
period, the Collar shall be adjusted by the change in the Producer Price Index
(Pharmaceutical Preparations, ethical PCU2834#), published by the United States
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, or comparable successor index,
again provided that the total units shipped in each such period are within the
range set forth in Schedule 4.03. To the extent that the total units actually
shipped to Endo in any contract year fall outside of the range set forth in
Schedule 4.03, the corresponding upper or lower limit of the collar will be
adjusted by a percentage equal to *** of the percentage increase or decrease in
shipments. For example, if Noven's shipments in a contract year were *** higher
than the highest amount forecast in Schedule 4.03, the then existing upper limit
of the collar would be increased by ***. If Noven's shipments in a contract year
were *** lower than the lowest amount forecast in Schedule 4.03, then the lower
limit of the collar would be reduced by ***.
ARTICLE V MANUFACTURING STANDARDS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
Section 5.01. Product Warranties. Noven hereby covenants and agrees
that:
(a) Noven will manufacture and deliver to Endo the Product in
accordance with, and the Product will conform with, the
Specifications and the Quality Agreement; all Product supplied by
Noven to Endo shall be manufactured, packaged, tested, stored and
handled in accordance with the then current version of the ANDA
and shall not be adulterated or misbranded.
(b) Noven will comply with all Applicable Laws and current good
manufacturing practices relating to the Product.
(c) All Product supplied by Noven hereunder shall be transferred to
Endo free and clear of all liens, title claims, encumbrances and
security interests.
(d) Except for Product manufactured before final approval of the
Product in fulfillment of Endo orders for Launch Quantities, all
Product supplied by Noven shall have a minimum of *** of the
shelf life set forth in the applicable Product registration still
available at the time of delivery to Endo.
Section 5.02. The Specifications. Endo or Noven shall not change the
Specifications at any time without the prior written consent of the other party;
provided, however, that either party may change the Specifications upon
reasonable advance notice to the other party if such change is required by an
applicable Regulatory Authority.
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Section 5.03. Quality Agreement. Contemporaneously with the execution
of this Agreement, the parties are entering into a Quality Agreement which is
attached hereto as Exhibit B.
Section 5.03. Disclaimer. NOVEN HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES NOT
EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY.
ARTICLE VI AUDITS AND INSPECTION RIGHT'S
Section 6.01. Records and Audits. Noven shall keep complete and
accurate records concerning its manufacturing costs and any other costs and
expenses relevant to the amounts payable to Noven hereunder. Such records shall
be kept in accordance with GAAP applied on a consistent basis. Noven shall, at
Endo's request and expense, make those records available during normal business
hours upon ten (10) business days prior written notice for examination by
independent certified public accountants or auditors designated by Endo and
reasonably acceptable to Noven; provided, that Endo shall only have access to
such records once in each calendar year. In the event an underpayment or
overpayment is discovered, the applicable party shall make payment to the other
of the respective amount within 15 days of notification of the determination. In
the event that an overpayment by Endo of greater than 5% is discovered, the cost
of such audit shall be borne by Noven. Notwithstanding any provision in this
Agreement to the contrary, the terms of the Quality Agreement will govern all
quality assurance inspections.
ARTICLE VII ADDITIONAL COVENANTS AND AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES
Section 7.01. Confidentiality. The parties hereby agree that the terms
and conditions of this Agreement and each party's activities hereunder shall be
subject to the confidentiality obligations (and all applicable exceptions
thereto) set forth in the License Agreement.
Section 7.02. Packaging and Labeling. All Products supplied hereunder
shall be in finished dosage form, packaged and Labeled for commercial sale in
accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Specifications
and applicable Laws. Subject to the provisions of this Section 2.03, Endo shall
control the content and type of all Labeling for the Products. Endo shall supply
to Noven, in a timely fashion, all artwork required to Label the Products with
such trademarks, logos or designs as Endo shall select and in accordance with
Applicable Laws. Noven shall have the responsibility for: (i) securing any
approvals required by the FDA or other applicable Regulatory Authorities for the
initial Label; (ii) securing any approvals required by the FDA or other
applicable Regulatory Authorities for any changes or supplements to the Labeling
requested by Endo following regulatory approval of the Product ANDA, provided
that Noven is the holder of the Product ANDA at such time; and (iii) any Noven
information on the Label which shall be approved in advance by Noven. In the
event that Endo wishes to modify or change the Label, Endo shall provide
reasonable advance notice of
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such desired change to Noven and forward such modifications or changes to Noven
for Noven's review and approval (which shall not be unreasonably withheld).
Section 7.03. Product Recall. Product recalls shall be conducted in
accordance with the terms of the Quality Agreement. Each of Noven and Endo shall
make a permanent, complete and accurate record of all costs incurred by its
connection with any Product recall, a copy of which shall be delivered to the
other party upon its request as soon after the completion of such recall or
seizure as practically may be done. If the cause of, or reason for, said recall
is attributable to any reason beyond the reasonable control of the parties, the
total cost of the recall to the parties shall be shared equally among the
parties. If the cause of, or reason for, said recall or seizure arises is both
not attributable to reasons beyond the reasonable control of the parties and is
attributable to the negligence or breach of this Agreement by a party hereto,
such party shall reimburse the other for all reasonable costs incurred by it in
effecting such recall or seizure. If Noven and Endo cannot agree which party is
at fault or whether the recall was reasonably beyond the control of the parties,
then an independent technical expert, acceptable to both, will be designated to
make the determination. The so designated technical expert shall not be an
employee, consultant, officer, director or shareholder of or otherwise
associated with any party or an Affiliate of any party. The technical expert's
determination shall be, in the absence of fraud or manifest error, binding and
conclusive upon the parties.
Section 7.04 Product Shelf Life. Noven shall use commercially
reasonable efforts to obtain *** expiration dating, and will to continue to use
such efforts even if the Product is initially approved by the FDA with less than
*** expiration dating.
ARTICLE VIII REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
Section 8.01. Representations and Warranties. Each party hereby
represents and warrants to the other that as of the Effective Date:
(a) Organization. It is a corporation duly organized, validly existing
and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation. As
of the Closing Date, it will be duly qualified to do business in each
jurisdiction where the character of its business (after giving effect to the
Contemplated Transactions) make such qualifications necessary to carry on its
business.
(b) Power, Authority and Enforceability. It has full corporate power
and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement and to consummate the
transactions contemplated herein. This Agreement has been or shall be duly
executed and delivered by duly authorized signatories. This Agreement
constitutes a valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance
with its terms, except as enforceability may be limited by applicable
bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws now or
hereafter in effect relating to or affecting creditors' rights generally.
(c) No Violation. Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement
nor the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby, will (i)
conflict with or result in a breach of any of the terms, conditions or
provisions of its certificate of incorporation or other
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governing or charter document, or of any statute or administrative regulation,
or, to the best of its knowledge, of any order, writ, injunction, judgment or
decree of any court or Governmental Authority or of any arbitration award or any
agreement binding upon it or its assets, or (ii) to the best of its knowledge,
contravene or conflict with, or constitute a violation of, any provisions of any
Applicable Law binding upon it.
(d) No Default. It is not a party to any unexpired, undischarged or
unsatisfied written of oral contract, agreement, indenture, mortgage, debenture,
note or other instrument under the terms of which performance by it according to
the terms of this Agreement will be a default, or whereby timely performance by
it according to the terms of this Agreement may be prohibited or delayed.
ARTICLE IX INDEMNIFICATION AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Section 9.01 Indemnification. Indemnification for activities related to
this Agreement shall be provided pursuant to the License Agreement between the
parties entered into on the same date.
Section 9.02. Limitation of Liability. NO PARTY SHALL BE ENTITLED TO
RECOVER ANY PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST
PROFITS FROM LOST SALES TO THIRD PARTIES) WHATSOEVER UNDER THIS AGREEMENT EXCEPT
TO THE EXTENT ANY SUCH PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SHALL BE
PAYABLE TO A THIRD PARTY.
Section 9.03 Waiver of Limitation of Liability. In the event that that
there is a Change in Control (as defined in the License Agreement) which results
in Noven being acquired or controlled by an entity with a Competing Product (as
defined in the License Agreement) and Noven has not qualified a second source of
supply with an independent third party pursuant to a supply agreement which
allows Endo to immediately purchase its requirements of Product directly from
such third party upon the same terms as Noven in the event of (i) Noven's
bankruptcy or insolvency or (ii) a Change in Control of Noven to an entity with
a Competing Product, then the limitation of liability set forth in Section 9.02
shall not apply to any breach of this Agreement by Noven or its successors and
assigns.
ARTICLE X TERM AND TERMINATION
Section 10.01. Term. This Agreement shall continue in full force and
effect until the earlier of (a) the termination of the License Agreement, or (b)
termination of this Agreement in accordance with Section 10.02 (the Effective
Date until such termination, the "Term").
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Section 10.02. Certain Termination Events.
(a) Except as otherwise contemplated by Sections 3.05 and 10.02(c),
either Noven or Endo shall have the right to terminate this Agreement if the
other commits any continuing or material breach of any of the provisions of this
Agreement and (in the case of a breach which is capable of remedy) fails to
remedy the same within 60 days after receipt of written notice giving full
particulars of the breach and requiring it to be so remedied;
(b) In the event that at any time during the Term Noven shall, (i)
during any period of six consecutive months, fail to supply at least *** of the
aggregate number of units of Product (which number of units shall be determined
with reference to the number of units estimated to be yielded by each Batch
ordered by Endo as reflected in Exhibit A) ordered pursuant to Purchase Orders
properly submitted by Endo during such period (other than by reason of the fault
of Endo), or (ii) fail to provide *** of the aggregate number of units of
Product ordered during any two separate periods of three consecutive months,
Endo shall (A) have the right to terminate its obligation to exclusively
purchase Product from Noven and have a third party manufacture on its behalf the
Product to supply and (B) have the right to withdraw any purchase orders
submitted to Noven for amounts in excess of Noven's ability to supply.
(c) Either party may terminate this Agreement with immediate effect if
the Product is withdrawn from the market in the Territory for serious adverse
health or safety reasons.
(d) Either Noven or Endo may terminate this Agreement with immediate
effect in the event a Force Majeure Event as to the other shall exist and be
continuing for a period of 120 consecutive days.
(e) Noven may terminate its obligation to supply Endo with its
requirements of Product under this Agreement upon twenty-four months notice in
the event that Noven's gross margins on the manufacture of Product (taking into
account all Endo payments hereunder and under the License Agreement in
calculating such margins--except for the milestone payments) drops to less than
*** of its fully allocated manufacturing cost for the Product in two consecutive
calendar quarters. Such termination notice shall contain the election of Noven
to either (1) continue to be paid its share of the Gross Margin per the License
Agreement, or (ii) be paid its fully loaded manufacturing costs plus *** for
Product, during the period following the notice until Noven no longer supplies
Product hereunder, in exchange for the immediate and permanent termination of
any and all gross margin splits and royalty obligations otherwise due and
payable pursuant to the License Agreement. Noven agrees to provide the technical
transfer services set forth in Schedule 10.02 (the "Tech Transfer Services"),
including the delivery to Endo of the Technical Transfer Documentation Package
within *** of the termination notice and completion of the transfer of all
analytical methods within *** of the termination notice. The termination by
Noven shall become effective *** following receipt of the notice by Endo,
provided, however, that the effective date of the termination shall be extended
by each day of delay in excess of the corresponding time periods set forth above
which it takes Noven to complete the transfer of the Technical Transfer
Documentation Package and the analytical methods. The manufacturing period,
however, shall not be extended to the extent such delay occurs through no fault
of Noven. To the extent that such alternative manufacturer would need to use
technology owned by, or
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protected by intellectual property owned by, Noven, access to such technology
would be provided on limited basis and restricted solely to use for the
manufacture of Product.
(f) In the event of a termination by Endo pursuant to Section 10.02
(a), (b) or (d), Noven agrees to work in good faith with Endo to qualify a
suitable alternative manufacturer for the Product that has been identified by
Endo and that agrees to undertake such manufacturing. Endo agrees to work in
good faith with Noven regarding such transfer and ensure that the third party
works in good faith with Noven as well. Noven shall, as promptly as is
reasonably practicable, perform the Tech Transfer Services. In the event the
delivery to Endo of the Technical Transfer Documentation Package is completed
within *** of the termination notice and the transfer of all analytical methods
is completed within *** of the termination notice, or such time periods are
exceeded due to no fault of Noven, Endo shall reimburse Noven for the time of
its technical staff in performing such transfer at the rate of *** and all
reasonable travel expenses pre-approved by Endo. In the event that such services
are not completed within such time periods due to the fault of Noven, Endo will
reimburse Noven its reasonable pre-approved travel expenses in full but shall
have no other payment obligation for the technology transfer. To the extent that
such alternative manufacturer would need to use technology owned by, or
protected by intellectual property owned by, Noven, access to such technology
would be provided on limited basis and restricted solely to use for the
manufacture of Product.
Section 10.04. Obligations on Termination. Within 30 days of any
expiration or termination of this Agreement other than a termination by Endo
pursuant to Section 10.02 (a), (b) or (d), or a termination by Noven pursuant to
Section 10.02 (e), (i) Endo shall cease to use and shall deliver to Noven, upon
written request, all Confidential Information of Noven, except for any documents
or records that Endo is required to retain by Applicable Law, and (ii) Noven
shall cease to use and shall deliver to Endo, upon written request, all
Confidential Information of Endo except for any documents or records that Noven
is required to retain by Applicable Law. In the event of a termination by Endo
pursuant to Section 10.02 (a), (b) or (d), a termination by Noven pursuant to
Section 10.02 (e), Endo shall be permitted to retain and use the Confidential
Information in the manufacture of the Product, and to disclose such Confidential
Information to its third party manufacturer, provided that such third party
manufacturer is under obligations of confidentiality no less stringent than this
Agreement.
Section 10.05. Effect of Termination. Upon termination, this Agreement
shall forthwith become void and of no further force or effect, except for the
following provisions, which shall remain in full force and effect: (a) Section
7.01 (Confidentiality), (b) this Article 10, (c) Section 11.9 (Governing Law),
(d) Section 11.11 (Entire Agreement), and (e) Section 11.12 (Expenses) and any
other provisions which expressly survive termination. The rights and remedies
provided in this Article X shall be cumulative and not exclusive of any rights
or remedies provided by Applicable Law. Any termination of this Agreement shall
not affect any right or claim hereunder that arises prior to such termination,
which claims and rights shall survive any such termination.
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protected by intellectual property owned by, Noven, access to such technology
would be provided on limited basis and restricted solely to use for the
manufacture of Product.
ARTICLE X1 MISCELLANEOUS
Section 11.01. Notices. All notices, claims, certificates, requests,
demands and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be
delivered personally or sent by confirmed facsimile transmission, air courier or
registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, addressed as follows:
if to Noven:
Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
00000 X. X. 000xx Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx 00000
Attention: CEO & General Counsel
Telecopy: 000-000-0000
with copies (which shall not constitute notice) to:
Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx & Xxxx LLP
000 Xxxxx Xxxxxx
Xxx Xxxx, Xxx Xxxx 00000
Attention: Xxxxx X. Xxxx, Esq.
Telecopy: 212-588-0500
if to Endo:
Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
000 Xxxxxxxx Xx.
Xxxxxx Xxxx, XX 00000
Attention: General Counsel
Telecopy: 000-000-0000
or to such other address as the party to whom notice is to be given may have
furnished to the other party in writing in accordance herewith. Any such
communication shall be deemed to have been delivered (a) when delivered, if
delivered personally, by air courier or by mail, (b) when sent (with written
confirmation received), if sent by facsimile transmission on a Business Day, (c)
on the first Business Day after dispatch (with written confirmation received),
if sent by facsimile transmission on a day other than a Business Day.
Section 11.02. Independent Contractors. In making and performing this
Agreement, the parties are acting and shall act as independent contractors.
Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to create an agency, joint venture or
partnership relationship between the parties hereto. No party shall have the
authority to obligate another party in any respect, and no party shall hold
itself out as having any such authority. All personnel of Noven shall be solely
employees of Noven and shall not represent themselves as employees of Endo. All
personnel of Endo shall be solely employees of Endo and shall not represent
themselves as employees of Noven.
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Section 11.03. Assignment. Noven shall not have the right to assign
this Agreement or delegate any of its rights, interests duties or obligations
hereunder without the prior written consent of Endo, which consent shall not be
unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at any time during the
term of this Agreement either party may assign this Agreement to any of its
Affiliates without the prior written consent of the other parties; provided,
that no such assignment of this Agreement shall relieve the assignor of any of
its obligations or liabilities under this Agreement. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, any party may assign this Agreement without the other parties' prior
written consent in connection with the transfer or sale of all or substantially
all of its assets or business or its merger or consolidation with another Person
upon written notice to the other parties. Any attempted assignment in violation
of this Section 11.04 shall be void.
Section 11.04. Binding Effect; Benefit. This Agreement shall inure to
the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their successors and
permitted assigns. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to
confer on any Person other than the parties hereto and their respective
successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or
liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement.
Section 11.05. Amendments. This Agreement shall not be modified,
amended or supplemented except pursuant to an instrument in writing executed and
delivered on behalf of each of the parties hereto.
Section 11.06. No Waiver. The failure in any one or more instances of a
party to insist upon performance of any of the terms, covenants or conditions of
this Agreement, to exercise any right or privilege conferred in this Agreement,
or the waiver by said party of any breach of any of the terms, covenants or
conditions of this Agreement, shall not be construed as a subsequent waiver of
any such terms, covenants, conditions, rights or privileges, but the same shall
continue and remain in full force and effect as if no such forbearance or waiver
had occurred. No waiver shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by
an authorized representative of the waiving party.
Section 11.07. Counterparts. This Agreement shall become binding when
any one or more counterparts hereof, individually or taken together, shall bear
the signatures of each of the parties hereto. This Agreement may be executed in
any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original as against
the party whose signature appears thereon, but all of which taken together shall
constitute but one and the same instrument. Each party may execute this
Agreement on a facsimile of the Agreement. In addition, facsimile signatures of
authorized signatories of any party shall be valid and binding and delivery of a
facsimile signature by any party shall constitute due execution and delivery of
this Agreement.
Section 11.08. Interpretation. The article and section headings
contained in this Agreement are for convenience of reference only and shall not
affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. As used fit this
Agreement, any reference to the masculine, feminine or neuter gender shall
include all genders, the plural shall include the singular, and singular shall
include the plural. Unless the context otherwise requires, the term "party" when
used herein means a party hereto. References herein to a party or other Person
include their
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respective successors and assigns. The words "include," "includes" and
"including" when used herein shall be deemed to the followed by the phrase
"without limitation" unless such phrase otherwise appears. Unless the context
otherwise requires, references herein to Articles, Sections, Exhibits and
Schedules shall be deemed references to Articles and Sections of, and Exhibits
and Schedules to, this Agreement. Unless the context otherwise requires, the
words "hereof," "hereby" and "herein" and words of similar meaning when used in
this Agreement refer to this Agreement in its entirety and not to any particular
Article, Section or provision hereof. With regard to each and every term and
condition of this Agreement, the parties understand and agree that the same have
or has been mutually negotiated, prepared and drafted, and that if at any time
the parties desire or are required to interpret or construe any such term or
condition or any agreement or instrument subject thereto, no consideration shall
be given to the issue of which party actually prepared, drafted or requested any
term or condition of this Agreement.
Section 11.9. Governing Law. This Agreement and any claims, disputes or
causes of action relating to or arising out of this Agreement shall be construed
in accordance with and governed by the substantive laws of the State of New
York, without giving effect to the conflict of laws principles thereof.
Section 11.10. Unenforceability. If any provisions of this Agreement
are determined to be invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, such
provisions shall be ineffective to the extent of such invalidity or
unenforceability in such jurisdiction, without rendering invalid or
unenforceable the remaining provisions hereof or affecting the validity or
enforceability of any of such provisions of this Agreement in any other
jurisdiction. The parties will use their best efforts to substitute the invalid
or unenforceable provision with a valid and enforceable one which conforms, as
nearly as possible, with the original intent of the parties.
Section 11.11. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with any and
all schedules, exhibits and appendices hereto, embodies the entire agreement and
understanding between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter
hereof and supersedes all prior agreements, commitments, arrangements,
negotiations or understandings, whether oral or written, between the parties
hereto and their respective Affiliates with respect thereto. There are no
agreements, covenants or undertakings with respect to the subject matter of this
Agreement other than those expressly set forth or referred to herein and no
representations or warranties of any kind of nature whatsoever, express or
implied, are made or shall be deemed to be made herein by the parties hereto,
except those expressly made in this Agreement and the other Transaction
Documents.
Section 11.12. Expenses. Except as expressly set forth herein, each
party hereto shall bear all fees and expenses incurred by such party in
connection with, relating to or arising out of the execution, delivery and
performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the Contemplated
Transactions, including attorneys', accountants' and other professional fees and
expenses.
Section 11.13. Force Majeure. If the performance of this Agreement or
any obligation hereunder (except the payment of money) by any party is prevented
or hindered, by reason of any cause beyond the reasonable control of the
affected party, including fire, flood, riot, war, explosions, acts of God
(including hurricanes and tropical storms), acts of a public enemy, delay
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of carrier, shortage or failure in the supply of materials, labor disturbance or
acts, regulations or laws of any government adopted after the date of this
Agreement or subject to a new interpretation after the date of this Agreement
that render impossible or illegal the performance by a Party of its obligations
under this Agreement (a "Force Majeure Event"), the party so affected, upon
notice to the other parties, shall be excused from such performance, provided
that the party so affected shall use diligent effort to avoid or remove such
cause or causes of non-performance and shall continue to perform hereunder with
the utmost dispatch whenever such cause or causes are removed.
Section 11.14. Insurance. Throughout the Term, each of Noven and Endo
shall maintain commercial liability insurance, including blanket commercial
liability insurance covering the obligation of that party under this Agreement
through the term of this Agreement and for five years thereafter, which
insurance shall afford limits of not less than US$10,000,000 per occurrence,
(and in the aggregate only with respect to personal injury liability) for bodily
injury liability, products liability, property damage liability, contractual
liability and completed operations liability with an insurance carrier qualified
to do business in the United States. Each of Noven and Endo shall promptly
furnish to the other evidence of the maintenance of the insurance required
hereunder and shall name the other as an "additional insured" under a broad form
vendor's endorsement to such insurance policy. In case any such policies are
written on a "claims made" basis, such policies shall remain in effect for a
period of five years following the expiration or earlier termination of this
Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the obligation of each of Noven and
Endo to obtain insurance in accordance with this Section 7.04 is subject to the
availability of such insurance from nationally recognized carriers at reasonable
rates and on reasonable terms and conditions, which reasonableness shall be
determined in the judgment of each party, respectively, in accordance with such
party's past practices to the ordinary course of business. In the event either
party shall be unable to obtain insurance as contemplated by this Section 7.04,
such party shall notify the other party as soon as practicable and shall have
the right to self-insure such coverage; provided that any party opting to so
self-insure shall provide to the other party reasonable information regarding
its self-insurance program.
Section 11.15. No Debarred Persons. Each of Noven and Endo covenants
and agrees that it has not and will not use in any capacity the services of any
Person debarred under subsections (a) or (b) of Section 306 of the FDC Act in
connection with its performance of this Agreement.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have entered into this Agreement
effective as of the Effective Date.
NOVEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ENDO PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx By: /s/ Xxxxx X. Xxxxxx
Name: Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx Name: Xxxxx X. Xxxxxx
Title: President, CEO and Chairman Title: President and COO
Date: February 25, 2004 Date: February 25, 2004
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