JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

     The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.

Dated: January 10, 2004


                                   ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                   for itself and as general partner of
                                   ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                   Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx*
                                   ---------------------------------------------


                                   XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX


                                   Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx*
                                   ---------------------------------------------


                                   XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX


                                   Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx*
                                   ---------------------------------------------


                                   *By: /s/ Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx
                                        ----------------------------------------
                                   Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx
                                   Chief Financial Officer of Artisan Investment
                                   Corporation
                                   Attorney-in-Fact for Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                   Attorney-in-Fact for Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx

                                  Page 10 of 12