JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.




                           Dated:  February 13, 2002


                                     ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                         for itself and as general partner of
                                         ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                     By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                         -----------------------------------
                                                Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                                President


                                      XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                      /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
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                                      XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                      /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
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