JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.


                           Dated:  February 13, 2002


                                   ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                       for itself and as general partner of
                                       ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                   By: /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                       -----------------------------------
                                              Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
                                              President


                                    XXXXXX X. XXXXXXX

                                    /s/ Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxx
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                                    XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX

                                    /s/ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
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