Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China

中华人民共和国合同法（中英文xx）

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《中华人民共和国合同法》已由中华人民共和国第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议于１９

９９年３月１５日通过，现予公布，自１９９９年１０月１日起施行。中华人民共和国主席xxx

１９９９年３月１５日

Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China

Order [1999] No.15 of the President of the People’s Republic of China

Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China has been adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress on March 15, 1999, and is hereby promulgated, i t will come into force as of October 1, 1999.

President of the People’s Republic of China: Xxxxx Xxxxx March 15, 1999

中华人民共和国合同法

（１９９９年３月１５日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过）

总则

第一章 一般规定 第二章 合同的订立第三章 合同的效力第四章 合同的履行

第五章 合同的变更和转让 第六章 合同的权利义务终止第七章 违约责任

第八章 其他规定分则

第九章 买卖合同

第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同

第十一章 赠与合同第十二章 借款合同第十三章 租赁合同

第十四章 融资租赁合同第十五章 承揽合同

第十六章 建设工程合同第十七章 运输合同

第十八章 技术合同 第十九章 保管合同 第二十章 仓储合同 第二十一章 委托合同第二十二章 行纪合同第二十三章 居间合同附则

General Provisions

总则

Chapter 1 General Provisions

第一章 一般规定

Article 1 This Law is enacted in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of the contracting parties, to maintain social and economic order, and to promote th e process of socialist modernization.

第一条 【立法目的】为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。

Article 2 A contract in this Law refers to an agreement among natural persons, le gal persons or other organizations as equal parties for the establishment, modificat ion of a relationship involving the civil rights and obligations of such entities.

Agreements concerning personal relationships such as marriage, adoption, guardian ship, etc. hall be governed by the provisions in other laws.

第二条 【合同定义】本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用其他法律的规定。

Article 3 Contracting parties shall have equal legal status, and no party may impos e its will on the other party.

第三条 【平等原则】合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。

Article 4 The parties have the right to lawfully enter into a contract of their own free will in accordance with the law, and no unit or individual may illegally interf ere therewith.

第四条 【合同自由原则】当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。

Article 5 The parties shall adhere to the principle of fairness in deciding their res pective rights and obligations.

第五条 【公平原则】当事人应当遵循公平原则确定各方的权利和义务。

Article 6 The parties shall observe the principle of honesty and good faith in exerc ising their rights and performing their obligations.

第六条 【诚实信用原则】当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。

Article 7 In concluding and performing a contract, the parties shall comply with th e laws and administrative regulations, respect social ethics, and shall not disrupt t he social and economic order or impair the public interests.

第七条 【遵纪守法原则】当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利益。

Article 8 A lawfully established contract shall be legally binding on the parties the reto, each of whom shall perform its own obligations in accordance with the terms of the contract, and no party shall unilaterally modify or terminate the contract.

The contract established according to law is protected by law.

第八条 【依合同履行义务原则】依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。

依法成立的合同，受法律保护。

Chapter 2 Conclusion of Contracts

第二章 合同的订立

Article 9 In entering into a contract, the parties shall have appropriate capacities f or civil rights and civil acts.

A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf in accordance with the law.

第九条 【订立合同的能力】当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。

当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同。

Article 10 The parties may use written, oral or other forms in entering into a cont ract.

A contract shall be in written form if the laws or administrative regulations so pro vide. A contract shall be concluded in written form if the parties so agree.

第十条 【合同的形式】当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。

法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。

Article 11 "Written form" refers to a form such as a written contractual agreement, letter, electronic data text(including a telegram, telex, fax, electronic data exchang

e and e-mail)that can tangibly express the contents contained therein.

第十一条 【书面形式】书面形式是指合同书、信件和数据电文（包括电报、电传、传真、电子数据交换和电子邮件）等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。

Article 12 The contents of a contract shall be agreed upon by the parties, and shal l generally contain the following clauses:

(1) titles or names and domiciles of the parties;

(2) subject matter;

(3) quantity;

(4) quality;

(5) price or remuneration;

(6) time limit, place and method of performance;

(7) liability for breach of contract; and

(8) method to settle disputes.

The parties may conclude a contract by reference to a model text of each kind of contract.

第十二条 【合同内容】合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：

（一）当事人的名称或者姓名和住所；

（二）标的；

（三）数量；

（四）质量；

（五）价款或者报酬；

（六）履行期限、地点和方式；

（七）违约责任；

（八）解决争议的方法。

当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订立合同。

Article 13 The parties shall conclude a contract in the form of an offer and an acc eptance.

第十三条 【订立合同方式】当事人订立合同，采取要约、承诺方式。

Article 14 An offer is an expression of an intent to enter into a contract with anot her person. Such expression of intent shall comply with the following:

(1) its contents shall be specific and definite;

(2) it indicates that the offeror will be bound by the expression of intent in case of acceptance by the offeree.

第十四条 【要约】要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定：

（一）内容具体确定；

（二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。

Article 15 An invitation for offer is an expression of an intent to invite other parti es to make offers thereto. Mailed price lists, public notices of auction and tender, prospectuses and commercial advertisements, etc. are invitations for offer.

Where the contents of a commercial advertisement meet the requirements for an o ffer, it shall be regarded as an offer.

第十五条 【要约邀请】要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。

商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。

Article 16 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.

If a contract is concluded through data-telex, and a recipient designates a specific system to receive the date-telex, the time when the data-telex enters such specific system shall be the time of arrival; if no specific system is appointed, the time wh en the data-telex first enters any of the recipient's systems shall be regarded as th e time of arrival.

第十六条 【要约的生效】要约到达受要约人时生效。

采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间。

Article 17 An offer may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice shall reach the offere e before or at the same time when the offer arrives.

第十七条 【要约的撤回】要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。

Article 18 An offer may be revoked. The revocation notice shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.

第十八条 【要约的撤销】要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。

Article 19 An offer may not be revoked, if

(1) the offeror indicates a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise explicitly states t hat the offer is irrevocable; or

(2) the offeree has reasons to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and has made preparation for performing the contact.

第十九条 【要约不得撤销的情形】有下列情形之一的，要约不得撤销：

（一）要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示要约不可撤销；

（二）受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履行合同作了准备工作。

Article 20 An offer shall lose efficacy under any of the following circumstances:

(1) the notice of rejection reaches the offeror;

(2) the offeror revokes the offer in accordance with the law;

(3) the offeree fails to dispatch an acceptance before the expiration of the time li mit for acceptance;

(4) the offeree makes substantial changes to the contents of the offer.

第二十条 【要约的失效】有下列情形之一的，要约失效：

（一）拒绝要约的通知到达要约人；

（二）要约人依法撤销要约；

（三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺；

（四）受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。

Article 21 An acceptance is the expression of an intention to by the offeree to ass ent to the offer.

第二十一条 【承诺的定义】承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。

Article 22 The acceptance shall be made in the form of a notice, except where acc eptance may be made by an act on the basis of customary business practice or as expressed in the offer.

第二十二条 【承诺的方式】承诺应当以通知的方式作出，但根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。

Article 23 An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limit prescribed in the offer.

Where no time limit is prescribed in the offer, the acceptance shall reach the offer or in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) if the offer is made in dialogues, the acceptance shall be made immediately un less otherwise agreed upon by the parties;

(2) If the offer is made in forms other than a dialogue, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable period of time.

第二十三条 【承诺的期限】承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：

（一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事人另有约定的除外；

（二）要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内到达。

Article 24 Where an offer is made by letter or telegram, the time limit for accepta nce shall accrue from the date shown in the letter or from the date on which the

telegram is handed in for dispatch. If no such date is shown in the letter, it shal l accrue from the postmark date on the envelope.

Where an offer is made by means of instantaneous communication, such as teleph one or facsimile, etc. the time limit for acceptance shall accrue from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.

第二十四条 【承诺期限的起点】要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。要约以电话、传真等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始计算。

Article 25 A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.

第二十五条 【合同成立时间】承诺生效时合同成立。

Article 26 An acceptance becomes effective when its notice reaches the offeror. If notice of acceptance is not required, the acceptance shall become effective when a n act of acceptance is performed in accordance with transaction practices or as re quired in the offer.

Where a contract is concluded in the form of date-telex, the time of arrival of an acceptance shall be governed by the provisions of Paragraph 2, Article 16 of this L aw.

第二十六条 【承诺的生效】承诺通知到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。

采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间适用本法第十六条第二款的规定。

Article 27 An acceptance may be withdrawn, but a notice of withdrawal shall reac h the offeror before or at the same time when the notice of acceptance reaches th e offeror.

第二十七条 【承诺的撤回】承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应当在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。

Article 28 Where an offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for accept ance, the acceptance shall be a new offer except that the offeror promptly informs the offeree of the effectiveness of the said acceptance.

第二十八条 【新要约】受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，除要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的以外，为新要约。

Article 29 If the offeree dispatched the acceptance within the time limit specified f or acceptance, and under normal circumstances the acceptance would have reached the offeror in due time, but due to other reasons the acceptance reaches the offe ror after the time limit for acceptance has expired,such acceptance shall be effectiv e, unless the offeror notifies the offeree in a timely manner that it does not accep t the acceptance due to the failure of the acceptance to arrive within the time limi t.

第二十九条 【迟到的承诺】受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外，该承诺有效。

Article 30 The contents of an acceptance shall comply with those of the offer. If t he offeree substantially modifies the contents of the offer, it shall constitute a new offer. The modification relating to the subject matter, quality, quantity, price or r emuneration, time or place or method of performance, liabilities for breach of cont ract and method of dispute resolution, etc. shall constitute the substantial modifica tion of an offer.

第三十条 【承诺的变更】承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。

Article 31 If the acceptance does not substantially modifies the contents of the offe r, it shall be effective, and the contents of the contract shall be subject to those o f the acceptance, except as rejected promptly by the offeror or indicated in the off er that an acceptance may not modify the offer at all.

第三十一条 【承诺的内容】承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。

Article 32 Where the parties conclude a contract in written form, the contract is e stablished when it is signed or sealed by the parties.

第三十二条 【合同成立时间】当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立。

Article 33 Where the parties conclude the contract in the form of letters or data-t elex, etc., one party may request to sign a letter of confirmation before the conclu sion of the contract. The contract shall be established at the time when the letter of confirmation is signed.

第三十三条 【确认书与合同成立】当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要求签订确认书。签订确认书时合同成立。

Article 34 The place of effectiveness of an acceptance shall be the place of the est ablishment of the contract.

If the contract is concluded in the form of data-telex, the main business place of t he recipient shall be the place of establishment. If the recipient does not have a main business place, its habitual residence shall be considered to be the place of e stablishment. Where the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall apply.

第三十四条 【合同成立地点】承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。

采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其经常居住地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。

Article 35 Where the parties conclude a contract in written form, the place where both parties sign or affix their seals on the contract shall be the place of establish ment.

第三十五条 【书面合同成立地点】当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，双方当事人签字或者盖章的地点为合同成立的地点。

Article 36 Where a contract is to be concluded in written form as required by rele vant laws and administrative regulations or as agreed by the parties, and the parti es failed to conclude the contract in written form, but one party has performed th e principal obligation and the other party has accepted it, the contract is establish ed.

第三十六条 【书面合同与合同成立】法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当事人未采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。

Article 37 Where a contract is to be concluded in written form, if one party has p erformed its principal obligation and the other party has accepted it before signing or sealing of the contract, the contract is established.

第三十七条 【合同书与合同成立】采用合同书形式订立合同，在签字或者盖章之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。

Article 38 Where the State has issued a mandatory plan or a State purchasing ord er based on necessity,the relevant legal persons and the other organizations shall c onclude a contract between them in accordance with the rights and obligations as stipulated by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第三十八条 【依国家计划订立合同】国家根据需要下达指令性任务或者国家订货任务的，有关法人、其他组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。

Article 39 Where standard terms are adopted in concluding a contract, the party s upplying the standard terms shall define the rights and obligations between the pa rties abiding by the principle of fairness, and shall inform the other party to note the exclusion or restriction of its liabilities in a reasonable way, and shall explain the standard terms upon request by the other

party.

Standard terms are clauses that are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party, and which are not negotiated with the other party when the con tract in concluded.

第三十九条 【格式合同条款定义及使用人义务】采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提请对方注意免除或者限制其责任的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。

格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。

Article 40 When standard terms are under the circumstances stipulated in Articles 52 and 53 of this Law,or the party which supplies the standard terms exempts it self from its liabilities, increases the liabilities of the other party, and deprives the material rights of the other party, the terms shall be invalid.

第四十条 【格式合同条款的无效】格式条款具有本法第五十二条和第五十三条规定情形的，或者提供格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责任、排除对方主要权利的，该条款无效。

Article 41 If a dispute over the understanding of the standard terms occurs, it sha ll be interpreted in accordance with common understanding. Where there are two or more kinds of interpretation, an interpretation unfavorable to the party supplyin g the standard terms shall prevail. Where the standard terms are inconsistent with non-standard terms, the latter shall prevail.

第四十一条 【格式合同的解释】对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。

Article 42 The party shall be liable for damage if it is under one of the following circumstances in concluding a contract and thus causing losses to the other party:

(1) pretending to conclude a contract, and negotiating in bad faith;

(2) deliberately concealing important facts relating to the conclusion of the contrac t or providing false information;

(3) performing other acts which violate the principle of good faith.

第四十二条 【缔约过失】当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任：

（一）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商；

（二）故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况；

（三）有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为。

Article 43 A trade secret the parties learn in concluding a contract shall not be di sclosed or improperly used, no matter the contract is established or not. If the pa rty discloses or improperly uses such trade secret and thus causing loss to the oth er party, it shall be liable for damages.

第四十三条 【保密义务】当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用。泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Chapter 3 Validity of Contracts

第三章 合同的效力

Article 44The contract established according to law becomes effective upon its esta blishment.

With regard to contracts that are subject to approval or registration as stipulated by relevant laws or administrative regulations, the provisions thereof shall be follo wed.

第四十四条 【合同的生效】依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。

法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。

Article 45 The parties may agree on that the effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A contract whose effectiveness is subject to certain conditio

ns shall become effective when such conditions are accomplished. The contract wit h dissolving conditions shall become invalid when such conditions are satisfied.

If a party improperly prevent the satisfaction of a condition for its own interests, the condition shall be regarded as having been accomplished. If a party improperly facilitates the satisfaction of a condition, such condition shall be regarded as not

to have been satisfied.

第四十五条 【附条件的合同】当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效。

当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。

Article 46 The parties may agree on a conditional time period as to the effectiven ess of the contract. A contract subject to an effective time period shall come into force when the period expires. A contract with termination time period shall beco me invalid when the period expires.

第四十六条 【附期限的合同】当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。

Article 47 A contract concluded by a person with limited civil capacity of conduct shall be effective after being ratified afterwards by the person's statutory agent, bu t a pure profit-making contract or a contract concluded which is appropriate to th e person's age, intelligence or mental health conditions need not be ratified by the person's statutory agent.

The counterpart may urge the statutory agent to ratify the contract within one mo nth. It shall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the statutory agent does n ot make any expression. A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it befo re the contract is ratified. The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

第四十七条 【限制行为能力人订立的合同】限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人追认。

相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

Article 48 A contract concluded by an actor who as no power of agency, who over steps the power of agency, or whose power of agency has expired and yet conclud es it on behalf of the principal, shall have no legally binding force on the principa l without ratification by the principal, and the actor shall be held liable.

The counterpart may urge the principal to ratify it within one month. It shall be r egarded as a refusal of ratification that the principal does not make any expressio

n. A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it before the contract is ratif ied. The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

第四十八条 【无权代理人订立的合同】行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。

相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

Article 49 If an actor has no power of agency, oversteps the power of agency, or t he power of agency has expired and yet concludes a contract in the principal's na me, and the counterpart has reasons to trust that the actor has the power of agen cy, the act of agency shall be effective.

第四十九条 【表见代理】行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。

Article 50 Where a statutory representative or a responsible person of a legal pers on or other organization oversteps his/her power and concludes a contract, the rep resentative act shall be effective except that the counterpart knows or ought to kn ow that he/she is overstepping his/her powers.

第五十条 【法定代表人越权行为】法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。

Article 51 Where a person having no right to disposal of property disposes of othe r persons' properties,and the principal ratifies the act afterwards or the person wit hout power of disposal has obtained the power after concluding a contract, the co ntract shall be valid.

第五十一条 【无处分权人订立的合同】无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的，该合同有效。

Article 52 A contract shall be null and void under any of the following circumstan ces:

(1) a contract is concluded through the use of fraud or coercion by one party to d amage the interests of the State;

(2) malicious collusion is conducted to damage the interests of the State, a collecti ve or a third party;

(3) an illegitimate purpose is concealed under the guise of legitimate acts;

(4) damaging the public interests;

(5) violating the compulsory provisions of laws and administrative regulations.

第五十二条 【合同无效的法定情形】有下列情形之一的，合同无效：

（一）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益；

（二）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益；

（三）以合法形式掩盖非法目的；

（四）损害社会公共利益；

（五）违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。

Article 53 The following exception clauses in a contract shall be null and void:

(1) those that cause personal injury to the other party;

(2) those that cause property damages to the other party as result of deliberate in tent or gross negligence.

第五十三条 【合同免责条款的无效】合同中的下列免责条款无效：

（一）造成对方人身伤害的；

（二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。

Article 54 A party shall have the right to request the people's court or an arbitrati on institution to modify or revoke the following contracts:

(1) those concluded as a result of significant misconception;

(2) those that are obviously unfair at the time when concluding the contract.

If a contract is concluded by one party against the other party's true intentions th rough the use of fraud, coercion, or exploitation of the other party's unfavorable p osition, the injured party shall have the right to request the people's court or an a rbitration institution to modify or revoke it.

Where a party requests for modification, the people's court or the arbitration instit ution may not revoke the contract.

第五十四条 【可撤销合同】下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销：

（一）因重大误解订立的；

（二）在订立合同时显失公平的。

一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。

当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。

Article 55 The right to revoke a contract shall extinguish under any of the followi ng circumstances:

(1) a party having the right to revoke the contract fails to exercise the right withi n one year from the day that it knows or ought to know the revoking causes;

(2) a party having the right to revoke the contract explicitly expresses or conducts an act to waive the right after it knows the revoking causes.

第五十五条 【撤销权的消灭】有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭：

（一）具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权；

（二）具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权。

Article 56 A contract that is null and void or revoked shall have no legally bindin g force ever from the very beginning. If part of a contract is null and void withou t affecting the validity of the other parts, the other parts shall still be valid.

第五十六条 【合同自始无效与部分有效】无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。

Article 57 If a contract is null and void, revoked or terminated, it shall not affect the validity of the dispute settlement clause which is independently existing in the contract.

第五十七条 【合同解决争议条款的效力】合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。

Article 58 The property acquired as a result of a contract shall be returned after t he contract is confirmed to be null and void or has been revoked; where the prop erty can not be returned or the return is unnecessary, it shall be reimbursed at it s estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for losses in curred as a result therefrom. If both parties are fault, each party shall respectively be liable.

第五十八条 【合同无效或被撤销的法律后果】合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。

Article 59 If the parties have maliciously conducted collusion to damage the intere sts of the State, a collective or a third party, the property thus acquired shall be t urned over to the State or returned to the collective or the third party.

第五十九条 【恶意串通获取财产的返还】当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产收归国家所有或者返还集体、第三人。

Chapter 4 Performance of Contracts

第四章 合同的履行

Article 60 Each party shall fully perform its own obligations as agreed upon.

The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations of notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with the nature and purpose of the contract and the transaction practice.

第六十条 【严格履行与诚实信用】当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。

当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。

Article 61 Where, after the contract becomes effective, there is no agreement in th e contract between the parties on such contents as quality, price or remuneration, or place of performance etc., or such agreement is ambiguous, the parties may agr ee upon supplementary terms through consultation; if a supplementary agreement cannot be reached, such terms shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or the transaction practices.

第六十一条 【合同约定不明的补救】合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充；不能达成补充协议的，按照合同有关条款或者交易习惯确定。

Article 62 Where certain contents agreed upon by the parties in the contract are a mbiguous and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions in Article 6

1 of this Law, the following provisions shall be applied:

(1) if quality requirement is not clear, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard or industry standard; absent any state or industry standard, perfor mance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular stand ard consistent with the purpose of the contract;

(2) if price or remuneration is not clear, performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract w as concluded, and if adoption of a price commissioned by the government or base d on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement ap plies;

(3) where the place of performance is not clear, if the obligation is payment of m oney, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligatio n is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the i mmovable property is located;for any other subject matter, performance shall be ef fected at the place of location of the party fulfilling the obligations.

(4) if the time of performance is not clear, the obligor may perform, and the oblig ee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be gi ven the time required for preparation;

(5) if the method of performance is not clear, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;

(6) if the responsibility for the expenses of performance is not clear, the party fulf illing the obligations shall bear the expenses.

第六十二条 【合同约定不明时的履行】当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：

（一）质量要求不明确的，按照国家标准、行业标准履行；没有国家标准、行业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。

（二）价款或者报酬不明确的，按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行；依法应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，按照规定履行。

（三）履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受货币一方所在地履行；交付不动产的，在不动产所在地履行；其他标的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。

（四）履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时履行，债权人也可以随时要求履行，但应当给对方必要的准备时间。

（五）履行方式不明确的，按照有利于实现合同目的的方式履行。

（六）履行费用的负担不明确的，由履行义务一方负担。

Article 63 Where the government-fixed price or government-directed price is follow ed in a contract, if the said price is readjusted within the time limit for delivery a s stipulated in the contract, the payment shall be calculated according to the price at the time of delivery. Where a party delays in delivering the subject matter, the original price shall be adopted if the price rises; and the new price shall be adop xxx if the price falls. Where a party delays in taking delivery of the subject matter or making payment, the new price shall be adopted if the price rises, and the ori ginal price shall be adopted if the price falls.

第六十三条 【交付期限与价格执行】执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。逾期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原价格执行；价格下降时，按照新价格执行。逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按照新价格执行；价格下降时，按照原价格执行。

Article 64 Where the parties agree that the obligor shall perform the obligations t o a third party, and the obligor fails to perform its obligations to such third party or its performance of the obligations is not in conformity with the agreement, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

第六十四条 【向第三人履行合同】当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务的，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，应当向债权人承担违约责任。

Article 65 Where the parties agree that a third party performs the obligations to t he obligee, and the third party fails to perform the obligations or the performance is not in conformity with the agreement, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.

第六十五条 【第三人不履行合同的责任承担】当事人约定由第三人向债权人履行债务，第三人不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，债务人应当向债权人承担违约责任。

Article 66 Where both parties have obligations toward one another and there is no order of priority in respect of the performance of obligations, the parties shall pe rform the obligations simultaneously. Each party has the right to reject any deman d by the other party for performance prior to the performance by the other party. If the performance of the obligations of the party who is to perform first is not i n conformity with the agreement, the party who is perform later has the right to reject the other party's demand for corresponding performance.

第六十六条 【同时履行抗辩权】当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行要求。一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。

Article 67 Where both parties have obligations toward each other and there is an order of priority in respect of the performance, and the party who is to perform fi rst fails to perform, the party who is to perform later has the right to reject the o ther party's demand for performance. If the performance of the obligations of the party who is to perform first is not in conformity with the

agreement, the party who is to perform later has the right to reject the other part y's demand for corresponding performance.

第六十七条 【先履行义务】当事人互负债务，有先后履行顺序，先履行一方未履行的，后履行一方有权拒绝其履行要求。先履行一方履行债务不符合约定的，后履行一方有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。

Article 68 The party required to perform first may suspend its performance if it h as conclusive evidence showing that the other party is under any of the following circumstances:

(1) its business has seriously deteriorated;

(2) it has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts;

(3) it has lost its business creditworthiness;

(4) it is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.

Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of contract.

第六十八条 【不安抗辩权】应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：

（一）经营状况严重恶化；

（二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务；

（三）丧失商业信誉；

（四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 69 If a party suspends its performance in accordance with the provisions o f Article 68 of this Law, it shall timely notify the other party. If the other party p rovides appropriate assurance for its performance, the party shall resume performa nce. After performance was suspended, if the other party fails to regain its ability to perform and fails to provide appropriate assurance within a reasonable time, th e suspending party may terminate the contract.

第六十九条 【不安抗辩权的行使】当事人依照本法第六十八条的规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对方。对方提供适当担保时，应当恢复履行。中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢复履行能力并且未提供适当担保的，中止履行的一方可以解除合同。

Article 70 Where the obligee fails to notify the obligor of its separation, merger, o r change of the domicile, thereby making it difficult for the obligor to perform its obligations, the obligor may suspend its performance or escrow the subject matte r.

第七十条 【因债权人原因致债务履行困难的处理】债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。

Article 71 The obligee may reject the obligor's advance performance of its obligatio ns, except that the advance performance does not harm the obligee's interests.

Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor's advance perfor mance of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十一条 【债务的提前履行】债权人可以拒绝债务人提前履行债务，但提前履行不损害债权人利益的除外。

债务人提前履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。

Article 72 An obligee may reject the obligor's partial performance, except that the partial performance of its obligations does not harm the obligee's interests.

Any additional expense incurred by the obligee due to the obligor's partial perform ance of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十二条 【债务的部分履行】债权人可以拒绝债务人部分履行债务，但部分履行不损害债权人利益的除外。

债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。

Article 73 Where the obligor is remiss in exercising its due creditor's right, thereb y harming the obligee's interests, the obligee may petition the People's Court for s ubrogation in its own name,except that the creditor's right exclusively belongs to t he obligor.

The extent to which the subrogation rights can be exercised is limited to the oblig ee's rights. The expenses necessary for the obligee to exercise such subrogation rig hts shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十三条 【债权人的代位权】因债务人怠于行使其到期债权，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的债权，但该债权专属于债务人自身的除外。

代位权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债务人负担。

Article 74 Where the obligor waives its creditor's right against a third party that is due or assigns its property without reward, thereby harming the obligee's interest s, the obligee may petition the People's Court for cancellation of the obligor's act.

Where the obligor assigns its property

at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the obligee's inte rests, and the assignee is aware of the situation, the obligee may also petition the People's Court for cancellation of the obligor's act.

The extent to which the right to cancel can be exercised is limited to the rights of the obligee. The expenses necessary for the obligee to exercise the right to cancel shall be borne by the obligor.

第七十四条 【债权人的撤销权】因债务人放弃其到期债权或者无偿转让财产，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。债务人以明显不合理的低价转让财产，对债权人造成损害，并且受让人知道该情形的，债权人也可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。

撤销权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使撤销权的必要费用，由债务人负担。

Article 75 The right to cancel shall be exercised within one year form the date the obligee knows or should have known of the matter for cancellation. Such right to cancel shall lapse if the obligee fails to exercise such rights within five years fro

m the date of the occurrence of such act.

第七十五条 【撤销权的期间】撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。

Article 76 Once a contract becomes effective, a party may not refuse to perform it s obligations thereunder due to a change in its name, or its legal representative, t he person in charge, or the person handling the contract.

第七十六条 【当事人变化对合同履行的影响】合同生效后，当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义务。

Chapter 5 Modification and Assignment of Contracts

第五章 合同的变更和转让

Article 77 A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through co nsultation.

If the laws or administrative regulations so provide, approval and registration proc edures for such modification shall be gone through in accordance with such provis ions.

第七十七条 【合同变更条件】当事人协商一致，可以变更合同。

法律、行政法规规定变更合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。

Article 78 Where an agreement by the parties on the contents of a modification is ambiguous, the contract shall be presumed as not having been modified.

第七十八条 【合同变更内容不明的处理】当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的，推定为未变更。

Article 79 The obligee may assign its rights under a contract, in whole or in part, to a third party,except under the following circumstances:

(1) such rights may not be assigned in light of the nature of the contract;

(2) such rights may not be assigned according to the agreement between the parti es;

(3) such rights may not be assigned according to the provisions of the laws.

第七十九条 【债权的转让】债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：

（一）根据合同性质不得转让；

（二）按照当事人约定不得转让；

（三）依照法律规定不得转让。

Article 80 Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor. Such ass ignment will have no effect on the obligor without notice thereof.

A notice by the obligee to assign its rights shall not be revoked, unless such revoc ation is consented to by the assignee.

第八十条 【债权转让的通知义务】债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。

债权人转让权利的通知不得撤销，但经受让人同意的除外。

Article 81 Where the obligee assigns its right, the assignee shall acquire the collate ral rights related to the principal rights, except that the collateral rights exclusively belong to the obligee.

第八十一条 【从权利的转移】债权人转让权利的，受让人取得与债权有关的从权利，但该从权利专属于债权人自身的除外。

Article 82 Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of rights, the obligor may asse rt against the assignee any defenses it has against the assignor.

第八十二条 【债务人的抗辩权】债务人接到债权转让通知后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人主张。

Article 83 Upon receipt by the obligor of the notice of assignment of rights, the o bligor shall have vested rights against the assignor, and if the rights of the obligor vest prior to or at the same time as the assigned rights, the obligor may claim a n offset against the assignee.

第八十三条 【债务人的抵销权】债务人接到债权转让通知时，债务人对让与人享有债权，并且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销。

Article 84 Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third party, such delegation shall be subject to the consent of the ob ligee.

第八十四条 【债权人同意】债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。

Article 85 Where the obligor delegates its obligation, the new obligor may exercise any defense that the original obligor had against the obligee.

第八十五条 【承担人的抗辩】债务人转移义务的，新债务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩。

Article 86 Where the obligor delegates its obligation, the new obligor shall assume the incidental obligations related to the main obligations, except that the obligatio ns exclusively belong to the original obligor.

第八十六条 【从债的转移】债务人转移义务的，新债务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但该从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。

Article 87 Where the laws or administrative regulations stipulate that the assignme nt of rights or transfer of obligations shall undergo approval or registration proced ures, such provisions shall be followed.

第八十七条 【合同转让形式要件】法律、行政法规规定转让权利或者转移义务应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。

Article 88 Upon the consent of the other party, one party may transfer its rights t ogether with its obligations under contract to a third party.

第八十八条 【概括转让】当事人一方经对方同意，可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让给第三人。

Article 89 Where the rights and obligations are transferred together, the provisions in Articles 79,Articles 81 to 83, and Articles 85 to 87 of this Law shall be applie d.

第八十九条 【概括转让的效力】权利和义务一并转让的，适用本法第七十九条、第八十一条至第八十三条、第八十五条至第八十七条的规定。

Article 90 Where a party is merged after the contract has been concluded, the leg al person or other organization established after the merger shall exercise the right s and obligations thereunder. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the obligor and obl igee, the legal persons or other organizations that exist after the division shall join tly enjoy the rights and jointly assume the obligations under the contract.

第九十条 【新当事人的概括承受】当事人订立合同后合并的，由合并后的法人或者其他组织行使合同权利，履行合同义务。当事人订立合同后分立的，除债权人和债务人另有约定的以外，由分立的法人或者其他组织对合同的权利和义务享有连带债权，承担连带债务。

Chapter 6 Termination of Contractual Rights and Obligations

第六章 合同的权利义务终止

Article 91 The rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminated under a ny of the following circumstances:

(1) the obligations have been performed as agreed upon;

(2) the contract has been rescinded;

(3) the obligations have been offset against each other;

(4) the obligor has escrowed the subject matter accordance with the law;

(5) the obligee has released the obligor of its obligation;

(6) the rights and obligations have vested in one party;

(7) any other circumstances for termination as stipulated by the laws or agreed up on by the parties.

第九十一条 【合同消灭的原因】有下列情形之一的，合同的权利义务终止：

（一）债务已经按照约定履行；

（二）合同解除；

（三）债务相互抵销；

（四）债务人依法将标的物提存；

（五）债权人免除债务；

（六）债权债务同归于一人；

（七）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。

Article 92 After the termination of the rights and obligations under the contract, t he parties shall observe the principal of honesty and good faith and perform the o bligations of notification,assistance and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with relev ant transaction practices.

第九十二条 【合同终止后的义务】合同的权利义务终止后，当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。

Article 93 The parties may terminate a contract if they reach a consensus through consultation.

The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party may terminate th e contract. Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who has the right to ter minate may terminate the contract.

第九十三条 【合同约定解除】当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。

当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以解除合同。

Article 94 The parties to a contract may terminate the contract under any of the f ollowing circumstances:

(1) it is rendered impossible to achieve the purpose of contract due to an event of force majeure;

(2) prior to the expiration of the period of performance, the other party expressly states, or indicates through its conduct, that it will not perform its main obligatio n;

(3) the other party delayed performance of its main obligation after such performa nce has been demand, and fails to perform within a reasonable period;

(4) the other party delays performance of its obligations, or breaches the contract in some other manner, rendering it impossible to achieve the purpose of the contr act;

(5) other circumstance as provided by law.

第九十四条 【合同的法定解除】有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：

（一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；

（二）在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；

（三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行；

（四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的；

（五）法律规定的其他情形。

Article 95 Where the laws stipulates or the parties agreed upon the time limit to exercise the right to terminate the contract, and no party exercises it when the ti me limit expires, the said right shall be extinguished.

Where neither the law stipulates nor the parties make an agreement upon the xxx e limit to exercise the right to terminate the contract, and no party exercise it wit hin a reasonable time period after being urged, the said right shall be extinguishe d.

第九十五条 【解除权消灭】法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。

法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。

Article 96 A party demanding termination of a contract in accordance with the pr ovisions of Paragraph 2 of Article 93 and Article 94 of this Law shall notify the o ther party. The contract shall be terminated upon the receipt of the notice by the other party. If the other party objects to such termination, it may petition the Peo ple's Court or an arbitration institution to adjudicate the

validity of the termination of the contract.

Where the laws and administrative regulations so provide, the approval and registr ation procedures for the termination of the contract shall be gone through in acco rdance with such laws and regulations.

第九十六条 【解除权的行使】当事人一方依照本法第九十三条第二款、第九十四条的规定主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除。对方有异议的，可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。

法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。

Article 97 After the termination of a contract, performance shall cease if the contr act has not been performed; if the contract has been performed, a party may, in a ccordance with the circumstances of performance or the nature of the contract, de mand the other party to restore such party to its original state or adopt other re medial measures, and such party shall have the right to demand compensation for damages.

第九十七条 【解除的效力】合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以要求恢复原状、采取其他补救措施、并有权要求赔偿损失。

Article 98 The termination of rights and obligations under a contact shall not affe ct the validity of clauses that related to the final settlement of accounts and windi ng-up.

第九十八条 【结算、清理条款效力】合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。

Article 99 Where the parties are liable to one another for obligations that are due, and if the type and nature of the subject matter of such obligations are the same, any party may offset its own obligation against the obligation of the other party, except unless such offset is not allowed according to the laws and regulations or c annot be made given the nature of the contract.

The party who claims such offset shall notify the other party. The notice shall bec ome effective when it reaches the other party. The offset shall not be subject to a ny condition or time limit.

第九十九条 【债务的抵销及行使】当事人互负到期债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但依照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除外。

当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。

Article 100 Where the parties have obligations towards one another, and the type and nature of such obligations are different, the obligations may also be offset upo n consensus between the parties after consultation.

第一百条 【债务的约定抵销】当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一致，也可以抵销。

Article 101 The obligor may escrow the subject matter under any of the following circumstances which render performance of the obligations difficult:,

(1) the obligee refuses to accept them without justified reasons;

(2) the whereabouts of the obligee are unknown;

(3) the obligee is deceased and the successor has not been determined, or the obli gee has lost civil capacity and a guardian has not been appointed;

(4) other circumstance as provided for in the laws.

Where the subject matter is not fit for escrow, or the cost of escrow is excessively high, the obligor may auction or sell the subject matter according to law, and esc row the proceeds therefrom.

第一百零一条 【提存的要件】有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：

（一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领；

（二）债权人下落不明；

（三）债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人；

（四）法律规定的其他情形。

标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。

Article 102 Unless the whereabouts of the obligee are unknown, the obligee shall notify the obligee, or the successor or guardian of the obligor immediately after th e subject matter has been placed in escrow.

第一百零二条 【提存后的通知】标的物提存后，除债权人下落不明的以外，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、监护人。

Article 103 Once the subject matter has been placed in escrow, the risk of damage to, destruction or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the obligee. The o bligee shall be entitled to any fruits of the subject matter during the escrow perio

d. Escrow expenses shall be borne by the obligee.

第一百零三条 【提存的效力】标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人负担。

Article 104 The obligee may claim the subject matter in escrow at any time, excep t that if the obligee has any due obligations toward the obligor, prior to the oblige e's performance of its obligations or the obligee's provision of security for its perfo

rmance, the escrow institution shall, at the request of the obligor, refuse the oblig ee's claim of the escrowed subject matter.

The right of the obligee to reclaim the subject matter in escrow shall lapse if it is not exercised within five years form the date the subject matter is placed in escr ow, and the escrowed subject matter shall revert to the national treasury after the deduction of the escrow costs.

第一百零四条 【提存物的受领及受领权消灭】债权人可以随时领取提存物，但债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。

债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。

Article 105 Where an obligee releases the obligor of its own obligations, in whole or in part, the rights and obligations under the contract shall terminate in whole or in part.

第一百零五条 【免除的效力】债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，合同的权利义务部分或者全部终止。

Article 106 If the rights and obligations under a contract vest in one party, such r ights and obligations thereunder shall terminate, unless they involve the interests o f a third party.

第一百零六条 【混同的效力】债权和债务同归于一人的，合同的权利义务终止，但涉及第三人利益的除外。

Chapter 7 Liabilities for Breach of Contracts

第七章 违约责任

Article 107 If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or its perfo rmance fails to satisfy the terms of the contract, it shall bear the liabilities for bre

ach of contract such as to continue to perform its obligations, to take remedial me asures, or to compensate for losses.

第一百零七条 【违约责任】当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。

Article 108 Where one party express explicitly or indicates by its conduct that it w ill not perform its obligations under a contract, the other party may demand it to bear the liability for the breach of contract before the expiry of the performance period.

第一百零八条 【拒绝履行】当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对方可以在履行期限届满之前要求其承担违约责任。

Article 109 If a party fails to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may request it to make the payment.

第一百零九条 【金钱债务的违约责任】当事人一方未支付价款或者报酬的，对方可以要求其支付价款或者报酬。

Article 110 Where a party fails to perform the non-monetary obligations or its perf ormance of non-monetary obligations fails to satisfy the terms of the contract, the other party may request it to perform it except under any of the following circu mstances:

(1) it is unable to be performed in law or in fact;

(2) the subject matter of the obligation is unfit for compulsory performance or the performance expenses are excessively high;

(3) the obligee does not require performance within a reasonable time.

第一百一十条 【非金钱债务的违约责任】当事人一方不履行非金钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，对方可以要求履行，但有下列情形之一的除外：

（一）法律上或者事实上不能履行；

（二）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高；

（三）债权人在合理期限内未要求履行。

Article 111 Where the quality fails to satisfy the agreement, the breach of contract damages shall be borne in the manner as agreed upon by the parties. Where there is no agreement in the contract on the liability for breach of contract or such ag reement is unclear, nor can it be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 61of this Law, the damaged party may, in light of the nature of the subject matter and the degree of loss, reasonably choose to request the other party to be ar the liabilities for the breach of contract such as repairing, substituting, reworkin g, returning the goods, or reducing the price or remuneration.

第一百一十一条 【瑕疵履行】质量不符合约定的，应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。对违约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理选择要求对方承担修理、更换、重作、退货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。

Article 112 Where a party fails to perform its obligations under the contract or its performance fails to conform to the agreement, and the other party still suffers fr om other damages after the performance of the obligations or adoption of remedia l measures, such party shall compensate the other party for such damages.

第一百一十二条 【履行、补救措施后的损失赔偿】当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 113 Where a party fails to perform its obligations under the contract or its performance fails to conform to the agreement and cause losses to the other part y, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to the losses caused by th e breach of contract, including the interests receivable after the performance of the contract, provided not exceeding the probable losses

caused by the breach of contract which has been foreseen or ought to be foreseen when the party in breach concludes the contract.

The business operator who commits default activities in providing to the consumer any goods or services shall be liable for paying compensation for damages in acc ordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Consume r Rights and Interests.

第一百一十三条 【损害赔偿的范围】当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。

经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 114 The parties may agree that if one party breaches the contract, it shall pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light of the circums tances of the breach, and may also agree on a method for the calculation of the a mount of compensation for the damages incurred as a result of the breach.

Where the amount of liquidated damages agreed upon is lower than the damages incurred, a party may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution to m ake an increase; where the amount of liquidated damages agreed upon are signific antly higher than the damages incurred, a party may petition the People's Court o r an arbitration institution to make an appropriate reduction.

Where the parties agree upon breach of contract damages in respect to the delay i n performance, the party in breach shall perform the obligations after paying the breach of contract damages.

第一百一十四条 【违约金】当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。

约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。

当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。

Article 115 The parties may agree that a party pay a deposit to the other party as a guaranty for the obligation in accordance with the Security Law of the People's

Republic of China. Upon the obligor has performed its obligation, the deposit sha ll be offset against the price or refunded to the obligor. If the party paying the de posit fails to perform its obligations under the contract, such party has no right to demand for the return of the deposit; where the party accepting the deposit fails to perform its obligations under the contract, such party shall refund twice the v alue of the deposit.

第一百一十五条 【定金】当事人可以依照《中华人民共和国担保法》约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，无权要求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，应当双倍返还定金。

Article 116 If the parties agree on both liquidated damages and a deposit, and one party is in breach,the other party may choose to apply either the provisions for li quidated damages or that for the deposit.

第一百一十六条 【违约金与定金的选择】当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。

Article 117 A party who is unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is e xempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of f orce majeure, except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurs after the party's delay in performance, it is not exempted from such liabilit y.

For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstances which are unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.

第一百一十七条 【不可抗力】因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不能免除责任。

本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。

Article 118 If a party is unable to perform a contract due to an event of force ma jeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate the losses that may b

e caused to the other party, and shall provide evidence of such event of force maj eure within a reasonable period.

第一百一十八条 【不可抗力的通知与证明】当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。

Article 119 Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the ap propriate measures to prevent the losses from increasing; where the other party's f ailure to take appropriate measures results in additional losses, it cannot demand compensation for the additional losses.

Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in preventing additional losses shall be borne by the party in breach.

第一百一十九条 【减损规则】当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。

Article 120 If both parties breach a contract, each party shall bear its own respecti ve liabilities.

第一百二十条 【双方违约的责任】当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。

Article 121 Where a party's breach is attributable to a third party, it shall neverthe less be liable to the other party for breach. Any dispute between the party and su ch third party shall be resolved in accordance with the law or the agreement betw een the parties.

第一百二十一条 【因第三人的过错造成的违约】当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当向对方承担违约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定解决。

Article 122 Where the breach of contract by one party infringes upon the other pa rty's personal or property rights, the aggrieved party is entitled to choose to claim

the assumption by the violating and infringing party of liabilities for breach of co ntract according to this Law, or to claim the assumption by the violating and infri nging party of liabilities for infringement according to other laws.

第一百二十二条 【责任竞合】因当事人一方的违约行为，侵害对方人身、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择依照本法要求其承担违约责任或者依照其他法律要求其承担侵权责任。

Chapter 8 Other Provisions

第八章 其他规定

Article 123 Where other laws provide otherwise in respect of a contract, such prov isions shall prevail.

第一百二十三条 【其他规定的适用】其他法律对合同另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 124 Where there are no explicitly provisions in the Specific Provisions of th is Law or in any other law concerning a certain contract, the provisions in the Ge neral Provisions of this Law shall be applied, and reference may be made to the p rovisions in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in any other law that most clos ely relate to such contract.

第一百二十四条 【无名合同】本法分则或者其他法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本法总则的规定，并可以参照本法分则或者其他法律最相类似的规定。

Article 125 If any disputes arise between the parties over the understanding of any clause of the contract, the true meaning thereof shall be determined according to the words and sentences used in the contract, the relevant provisions in the cont ract, the purpose of the contract, the transaction practices and the principle of goo d faith.

Where a contract is concluded in two or more languages and it is agreed that all versions are equally authentic, the words and sentences in each version are constr ued to have the same meaning. In case of any discrepancy in the words or senten

ces used in the different language versions, they shall be interpreted in light of th e purpose of the contract.

第一百二十五条 【合同解释】当事人对合同条款的理解有争议的，应当按照合同所使用的词句、合同的有关条款、合同的目的、交易习惯以及诚实信用原则，确定该条款的真实意思。

合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句推定具有相同含义。各文本使用的词句不一致的，应当根据合同的目的予以解释。

Article 126 Parties to a foreign-related contract may select the applicable law for r esolution of a contractual dispute, except as otherwise provided by law. Where par ties to the foreign-related contract fails to select the applicable law, the contract s hall be governed by the law of the country with the closest connection thereto.

For a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture contract, Chinese-foreign contractual join t venture contract, or a contract for Chinese-foreign joint exploration and develop ment of natural resources which is performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the law of the People's Republic of China shall be applied.

第一百二十六条 【涉外合同】涉外合同的当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律，但法律另有规定的除外。涉外合同的当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。

在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。

Article 127 Within the scope of their respective duties, the administrative departme nt of industry and commerce and other relevant departments shall, in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for monitorin g and dealing with any illegal acts which, by taking advantage of contracts, harm t he interests of the State or the interests of the

public and society; where such an act constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall b e investigated in accordance with the law.

第一百二十七条 【合同监督机关】工商行政管理部门和其他有关行政主管部门在各自的职权范围内，依照法律、行政法规的规定，对利用合同危害国家利益、社会公共利益的违法行为，负责监督处理；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

Article 128 The parties may resolve a contractual dispute through settlement or m ediation.

Where the parties do not wish to, or are unable to, resolve such dispute through settlement or mediation, the dispute may be submitted to the relevant arbitration i nstitution for arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement between the parties. Parties to a foreign-related contract may apply to a Chinese arbitration in stitution or another arbitration institution for arbitration. Where the parties did no t conclude an arbitration agreement, or the arbitration agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to the People's Court. The parties shall perform the judg ments, arbitration awards or mediation agreements which have taken legal effect; i f a party refuses to perform, the other party may request the People's Court for e nforcement.

第一百二十八条 【合同争议的解决】当事人可以通过和解或者调解解决合同争议。

当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调解不成的，可以根据仲裁协议向仲裁机构申请仲裁。涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲裁协议向中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构申请仲裁。当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者仲裁协议无效的，可以向人民法院起诉。当事人应当履行发生法律效力的判决、仲裁裁决、调解书；拒不履行的，对方可以请求人民法院执行。

Article 129 For a dispute arising from a contract for the international sale of good s or a technology import or export contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration is four years, calculating from the date on which the party knows or ought to know the infringement on its rights. For a dispute arising fro m any other type of contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for ar bitration shall be governed by the relevant law.

第一百二十九条 【特殊时效】因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限为四年，自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵害之日起计算。因其他合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限，依照有关法律的规定。

Specific Provisions

分则

Chapter 9 Sales Contracts

第九章 买卖合同

Article 130 A sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownershi p of a subject matter to the buyer, and the buyer pays the price for it.

第一百三十条 【定义】买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。

Article 131 In addition to the terms set forth in Article 12 of this Law, a sales con tract may also contain such clauses as package manner, inspection standards and method, method of settlement and clearance, language adopted in the contract and its authenticity.

第一百三十一条 【买卖合同的内容】买卖合同的内容除依照本法第十二条的规定以外，还可以包括包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。

Article 132 The subject matter to be sold shall be owned by the seller or of that t he seller shall have the right to dispose.

Where the transfer of a subject matter is prohibited or restricted by laws or admi nistrative regulation, such provision shall be applied.

第一百三十二条 【标的物】出卖的标的物，应当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分。法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的标的物，依照其规定。

Article 133 The ownership of a subject matter shall be transferred upon the delive ry of the object, except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreed upon by the parti es.

第一百三十三条 【标的物所有权转移时间】标的物的所有权自标的物交付时起转移，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 134 The parties to a sales contract may agree that the ownership shall belo ng to the seller if the buyer fails to pay the price or perform other obligations.

第一百三十四条 【标的物所有权转移的约定】当事人可以在买卖合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。

Article 135 The seller shall perform the obligations of delivering to the buyer the s ubject matter or handing over the documents for the buyer to take possession of t he subject matter and of transferring the ownership thereto.

第一百三十五条 【出卖人的基本义务】出卖人应当履行向买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。

Article 136 In addition to the document for taking possession, the seller shall deliv er to the buyer the relevant documents and materials in accordance with the agree ment or transaction practices.

第一百三十六条 【有关单证和资料的交付】出卖人应当按照约定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物单证以外的有关单证和资料。

Article 137 In a sale of any subject matter which contains intellectual property suc h as computer software, etc., the intellectual property in the subject matter does n ot belong to the buyer, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by th e parties.

第一百三十七条 【知识产权归属】出卖具有知识产权的计算机软件等标的物的，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的以外，该标的物的知识产权不属于买受人。

Article 138 The seller shall deliver the subject matter by the time limit agreed upo

n. Where a time period for delivery is agreed upon, the seller may deliver at any time within the said time period.

第一百三十八条 【交付的时间】出卖人应当按照约定的期限交付标的物。约定交付期间的，出卖人可以在该交付期间内的任何时间交付。

Article 139 Where the time limit for delivery of the subject matter is not agreed u pon between the parties or the agreement is not clear, the provisions of Article 61 and Item 4 of Article 62 shall be applied.

第一百三十九条 【交付时间的推定】当事人没有约定标的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第四项的规定。

Article 140 Where a subject matter has been possessed by the buyer prior to the conclusion of the contract, the delivery time shall be the time when the contract b ecomes effective.

第一百四十条 【占有标的物与交付时间】标的物在订立合同之前已为买受人占有的，合同生效的时间为交付时间。

Article 141 The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the agreed place.

Where there is no agreement between the parties as to the place to deliver the su bject matter or such agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the following provisions shall be applied:

(1) if the subject matter needs carriage, the seller shall deliver the subject matter t o the first carrier so as to hand it over to the buyer;

(2) if the subject matter does not need carriage, and the seller and buyer know th e place of the subject matter when concluding the contract, the seller shall deliver the subject matter at such place; if the place is unknown, the subject matter shal

l be delivered at the business place of the seller when concluding the contract.

第一百四十一条 【交付的地点】出卖人应当按照约定的地点交付标的物。

当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：

（一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人；

（二）标的物不需要运输，出卖人和买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物；不知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。

Article 142 The risk of damage to or loss of a subject matter shall be borne by th e seller prior to the delivery of the subject matter and by the buyer after delivery, except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreed upon by the parties.

第一百四十二条 【标的物的风险负担】标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 143 Where a subject matter cannot be delivered at the agreed time limit d ue to any reasons attributable to the buyer, the buyer shall bear the risk of dama ge to or loss of the subject matter as of the date it breaches the agreement.

第一百四十三条 【买受人违约交付的风险承担】因买受人的原因致使标的物不能按照约定的期限交付的，买受人应当自违反约定之日起承担标的物毁损、灭失的风险。

Article 144 Where the seller sells a subject matter delivered to a carrier for carria ge and is in transit, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, the risk of dama ge to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer as of the time of establishment of the contract.

第一百四十四条 【在途标的物的风险承担】出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定的以外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。

Article 145 Where there is no agreement between the parties as to the place of de livery or such agreement is not clearly, and the subject matter needs carriage acco rding to the provisions of Item 1 of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 of this Law, the ri sk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer afte r the seller has delivered the subject matter to the first

carrier.

第一百四十五条 【标的物交付给第一承运人后的风险承担】当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。

Article 146 Where the seller has placed the subject matter at the place of delivery in accordance with the agreement or in accordance with the provisions of Item 2 of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 of this Law, while the buyer fails to take delivery i n breach of the agreement, the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer as of the date of breach of the

agreement.

第一百四十六条 【买受人不履行接收标的物义务的风险承担】出卖人按照约定或者依照本 法第一百四十一条第二款第二项的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定之日起由买受人承担。

Article 147 The failure of the seller to deliver the documents and materials relatin g to the subject matter as agreed upon shall not affect the passing of the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter.

第一百四十七条 【未交付单证、资料与风险承担】出卖人按照约定未交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。

Article 148 Where the quality of the subject matter does not conform to the qualit y requirements, making it impossible to achieve the purpose of the contract, the b uyer may refuse to accept the subject matter or may terminate the contract. If the buyer refuses to accept the subject matter or terminate the contract, the risk of d amage to or missing of the subject matter shall be borne by the seller.

第一百四十八条 【标的物的瑕疵担保责任】因标的物质量不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同。买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。

Article 149 Where the risk of damage to or missing of the subject matter is borne by the buyer, the buyer's right to demand the seller to bear liability for breach o f contract because the seller's performance of its obligations is not in conformity with the agreement shall not be affected.

Article 150 Unless otherwise provided by law, the seller shall have the obligation t o warrant that no third party shall exercise against the buyer any rights with resp ect to the delivered subject matter.

第一百四十九条 【风险承担不影响瑕疵担保】标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人履行债务不符合约定，买受人要求其承担违约责任的权利。

第一百五十条 【标的物权利瑕疵担保】出卖人就交付的标的物，负有保证第三人不得向买受人主张任何权利的义务，但法律另有规定的除外。

Article 151 Where the buyer knows or ought to know, at the time of conclusion of the contract, that a third party has rights on the subject matter to be sold, the s eller does not assume the obligation prescribed in Article 150 of this Law.

第一百五十一条 【权利瑕疵担保责任和免除】买受人订立合同时知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物享有权利的，出卖人不承担本法第一百五十条规定的义务。

Article 152 Where the buyer has conclusive evidence to demonstrate that a third p arty may claim rights on the subject matter, it may suspend to pay the correspon ding price, except where the seller provides a appropriate guaranty.

第一百五十二条 【中止支付价款权】买受人有确切证据证明第三人可能就标的物主张权利的，可以中止支付相应的价款，但出卖人提供适当担保的除外。

Article 153 The seller shall deliver the subject matter in compliance with the agree d quality requirements. Where the seller gives the quality specifications for the sub ject matter, the subject matter delivered shall comply with the quality requirement s set forth therein.

第一百五十三条 【标的物的瑕疵担保】出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。

Article 154 Where the quality requirements for the subject matter is not agreed be tween parties or such agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined according t o the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the provisions of Item 1 of Article 62 o f this Law shall be applied.

第一百五十四条 【法定质量担保】当事人对标的物的质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用本法第六十二条第一项的规定。

Article 155 If the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to comply with the qu ality requirements, the buyer may demand the seller to bear liability for breach of contract in accordance with Article 111 of this Law.

第一百五十五条 【承受人权利】出卖人交付的标的物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依照本法第一百一十一条的规定要求承担违约责任。

Article 156 The seller shall deliver the subject matter packed in the agreed manner.

Where there is no agreement on package manner in the contract or the agreeme nt is not clear, nor can it be determined according to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the subject matter shall be packed in a general manner, and if no ge neral manner, a package manner enough to protect the subject matter shall be ad opted.

第一百五十六条 【标的物包装方式】出卖人应当按照约定的包装方式交付标的物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用的方式包装，没有通用方式的，应当采取足以保护标的物的包装方式。

Article 157 Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect it within th e agreed inspection period. Where no inspection period is agreed, the buyer shall t imely inspect the subject matter.

第一百五十七条 【买受人的检验义务】买受人收到标的物时应当在约定的检验期间内检验。没有约定检验期间的，应当及时检验。

Article 158 Where the parties have agreed upon an inspection period, the buyer sh all notify the seller of any non-compliance in quantity or quality of the subject ma tter within such inspection period. Where the buyer delayed in notifying the seller, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contra ct.

Where no inspection period is agreed, the buyer shall notify the seller within a re asonable period, commencing on the date when the buyer discovered or should ha ve discovered the quantity or quality non-compliance. If the buyer fails to notify w ithin a reasonable period or fails to notify within 2 years, commencing on the dat e when it received the subject matter, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract, except that if there is a warranty period i n respect of the subject matter, the warranty period applies and supersedes such t wo year period.

Where the seller knows or ought to know the non-compliance of the subject matte r, the buyer is not subject to the time limits for notification prescribed in the prec eding two paragraphs.

第一百五十八条 【买受人的通知义务及免除】当事人约定检验期间的，买受人应当在检验期间内将标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出卖人。买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定。

当事人没有约定检验期间的，买受人应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的合理期间内通知出卖人。买受人在合理期间内未通知或者自标的物收到之日起两年内未通知出卖人的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定，但对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证期，不适用该两年的规定。

出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定的通知时间的限制。

Article 159 The buyer shall pay the price in the agreed amount. Where the price i s not agreed or the agreement is not clear, the provisions of Article 61 and Item 2 of Article 62 shall be applied.

第一百五十九条 【买受人的基本义务】买受人应当按照约定的数额支付价款。对价款没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第二项的规定。

Article 160 The buyer shall pay the price at the agreed place. Where the place of payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined acc ording to the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the buyer shall make payment a t the seller's place of business, provided that if the parties agreed that payment sh all be conditional upon delivery of the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, payment shall be made at the place where the subject matter, or the document for taking delivery thereof, is delivered.

第一百六十条 【支付价款的地点】买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付，但约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。

Article 161 The buyer shall pay the price at the agreed time. Where the time for p ayment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in a ccordance with Article 61 of this Law, the buyer shall make payment at the same time it receives the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof.

第一百六十一条 【支付价款的时间】买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。

Article 162 Where the seller delivers the subject matter in a quantity greater than that agreed in the contract, the buyer may accept or reject the excess quantity. W here the buyer accepts the excess quantity, it shall pay the price based on the con tract rate; where the buyer rejects the excess quantity, it shall timely notify the sel ler.

第一百六十二条 【多交标的物的处理】出卖人多交标的物的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的部分。买受人接收多交部分的，按照合同的价格支付价款；买受人拒绝接收多交部分的，应当及时通知出卖人。

Article 163 The fruits of the subject matter belong to the seller if accrued before d xxxxxxx, and to the buyer if accrued after delivery.

第一百六十三条 【标的物孳息的归属】标的物在交付之前产生的孳息，归出卖人所有，交付之后产生的孳息，归买受人所有。

Article 164 Where a contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any main co mponent of the subject matter, the effect of termination extends to the ancillary c omponents. Where the contract is terminated due to non-compliance of any ancilla ry component of the subject matter, the effect of termination does not extend to t he main components.

第一百六十四条 【解除合同与主物的关系】因标的物的主物不符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力及于从物。因标的物的从物不符合约定被解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。

Article 165 Where the subject matter comprises of a number of components, one o f which does not comply with the contract, the buyer may terminate the portion o f the contract in respect of such component, provided that if severance of such co mponent with the other components will significantly diminish the value of the su bject matter, the party may terminate the contract in respect of such number of c omponents.

第一百六十五条 【数物并存的合同解除】标的物为数物，其中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物解除，但该物与他物分离使标的物的价值显受损害的，当事人可以就数物解除合同。

Article 166 Where the seller is to deliver the subject matter in installments, if the seller fails to deliver one installment of the subject matter or the delivery fails to satisfy the terms of the contract so that the said installment cannot realize the co ntract purpose, the buyer may terminate the portion of the contract in respect the reof.

If the seller fails to deliver one installment of the subject matter or the delivery fa ils to satisfy the terms of the contract so that the delivery of the subsequent instal

lments of subject matter can not realize the contract purpose, the buyer may termi nate the portion of the contract in respect of such installment as well as any subs equent installment.

If the buyer is to terminate the portion of the contract in respect of a particular i nstallment which is interdependent with all other installments, it may terminate th e contract in respect of all delivered and undelivered installments.

第一百六十六条 【分批交付标的物的合同解除】出卖人分批交付标的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标的物解除。

出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交付不符合约定，致使今后其他各批标的物的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批以及今后其他各批标的物解除。

买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除，该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的物解除。

Article 167 In a sale by installment payment, where the buyer fails to make payme nts as they became due, If the delinquent amount has reached one fifth of the tot al price, the seller may require payment of the full price from the buyer or termin ate the contract. If the seller terminates the contract, it may require the buyer to pay a fee for its use of the subject matter.

第一百六十七条 【分期付款买卖中的合同解除】分期付款的买受人未支付到期价款的金额达到全部价款的五分之一的，出卖人可以要求买受人支付全部价款或者解除合同。

出卖人解除合同的，可以向买受人要求支付该标的物的使用费。

Article 168 In a sale by sample, the parties shall place the sample under seal, and may specify the quality of the sample. The subject matter delivered by the seller shall comply with the sample as well as the quality specifications.

第一百六十八条 【样品买卖】凭样品买卖的当事人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以说明。出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及其说明的质量相同。

Article 169 In a sale by sample, if the buyer is not aware of a latent defect in the sample, the subject matter delivered by the seller shall nevertheless comply with t he normal quality standard for a like item, even though the subject matter deliver ed complies with the sample.

第一百六十九条 【样品买卖特殊责任】凭样品买卖的买受人不知道样品有隐蔽瑕疵的，即使交付的标的物与样品相同，出卖人交付的标的物的质量仍然应当符合同种物的通常标准。

Article 170 In a sale by trial, the parties may agree the trial period. Where a trial period is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in a ccordance with Article 61 of this Law, it shall be determined by the seller.

第一百七十条 【试用买卖的试用期间】试用买卖的当事人可以约定标的物的试用期间。对试用期间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，由出卖人确定。

Article 171 In a sale by trial, the buyer may either purchase or reject the subject matter during the trial period. At the end of the trial period, the buyer is deemed to have made the purchase if it fails to demonstrate its intent to purchase or rej ect the subject matter.

第一百七十一条 【买受人对标的物的认可】试用买卖的买受人在试用期内可以购买标的物，也可以拒绝购买。试用期间届满，买受人对是否购买标的物未作表示的，视为购买。

Article 172 In a sale by tender, matters such as the rights and obligations of the parties and the tendering procedure, etc. are governed by the relevant laws and ad ministrative regulations.

第一百七十二条 【招标投标买卖】招标投标买卖的当事人的权利和义务以及招标投标程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 173 In a sale by auction, matters such as the rights and obligations of the parties and the auctioning procedure, etc. are governed by the relevant laws and a dministrative regulations.

第一百七十三条 【拍卖】拍卖的当事人的权利和义务以及拍卖程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 174 If there are provisions in the law for other non-gratuitous contracts, su ch provisions shall apply; in the absence of such provisions, reference shall be ma de to the relevant provision on sales contract.

第一百七十四条 【买卖合同准用于有偿合同】法律对其他有偿合同有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，参照买卖合同的有关规定。

Article 175 Where the parties agree on a barter transaction involving transfer of tit le to the subject matters, such transaction shall be governed by reference to the re levant provisions on sales contracts.

第一百七十五条 【互易合同】当事人约定易货交易，转移标的物的所有权的，参照买卖合同的有关规定。

Chapter 10 Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas, Or Heat

第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同

Article 176 A power supply contract is a contract whereby the power supplier supp lies power to the power customer, and the power consumer pay an electricity fee.

第一百七十六条 【定义】供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。

Article 177 The contents of a power supply contract include terms such as the met hod, quality, and time of power supply, and the capacity, location and nature of p ower use, and the metering method, electricity rate, the method of settlement of el ectricity fees, and the responsibility for maintenance of the power supply and use facilities, etc..

第一百七十七条 【主要条款】供用电合同的内容包括供电的方式、质量、时间，用电容量、地址、性质，计量方式，电价、电费的结算方式，供用电设施的维护责任等条款。

Article 178 The place of performance of a power supply contract shall be the place agreed upon by the parties, and if there is no agreement or the agreement is not clear, the place of performance shall be the boundary where ownership of the po wer supply facilities is divided.

第一百七十八条 【履行地】供用电合同的履行地点，按照当事人约定；当事人没有约定或者约定不明确的，供电设施的产权分界处为履行地点。

Article 179 The power supplier shall supply power in a safe manner in accordance with the standards for power supply stipulated by the State and with the terms o f the contract. Where the power supplier fails to supply power in a safe manner i n accordance with the standards for power supply stipulated by the State and with the terms of the contract, thereby causing losses to the power customer, it shall

be liable for damages.

第一百七十九条 【安全供电义务及责任】供电人应当按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电。供电人未按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 180 Where the power supplier needs to suspend the power supply due to r easons such as planned maintenance or provisional inspection and repair of the po wer supply facilities, legally restriction on power, or illegal use of power by the po wer customer, etc., it shall notify the power customer in advance in accordance wi th the relevant provisions of the State. Where the power supplier suspends power supply without notifying the power customer in advance, thereby causing losses to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十条 【中断供电的通知义务】供电人因供电设施计划检修、临时检修、依法限电或者用电人违法用电等原因，需要中断供电时，应当按照国家有关规定事先通知用电人。未事先通知用电人中断供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 181 Where the power supply is suspended due to a natural disaster or othe r causes, the power supplier shall make prompt repairs in accordance with the rel evant provisions of the State. Where the power supplier fails to make prompt repa ir, thereby causing loss to the power customer, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十一条 【不可抗力断电的抢修义务】因自然灾害等原因断电，供电人应当按照国家有关规定及时抢修。未及时抢修，造成用电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 182 The power customer shall timely pay the electricity fees in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State and with the terms of the contract. Wher e the power customer delays in paying the electricity fees, it shall pay breach of c ontract damages in accordance with the contract. Where the power customer fails to pay the electricity fees and breach of contract damages within a reasonable xxx e limit after receiving demand for payment, the power supplier may shut off the p ower supply in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state.

第一百八十二条 【用电人交付电费义务】用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定及时交付电费。用电人逾期不交付电费的，应当按照约定支付违约金。经催告用电人在合理期限内仍不交付电费和违约金的，供电人可以按照国家规定的程序中止供电。

Article 183 The power customer shall use power in a safe manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State and with the terms of the contract. Wher e the power customer fails to use power in a safe manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State and with the terms of the contract, thereby causin g losses to the power supplier, it shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十三条 【安全用电义务】用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电。用电人未按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全用电，造成供电人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 184 A contract for the supply of water, gas or heat shall be governed by re xxxxxxx to the relevant provisions on power supply contracts.

第一百八十四条 【供用水、气、热力合同】供用水、供用气、供用热力合同，参照供用电合同的有关规定。

Chapter 11 Gift Contracts

第十一章 赠与合同

Article 185 A gift contract is a contract whereby the donor conveys his property to the donee gratuitously and the donee expresses his acceptance of the gift.

第一百八十五条 【定义】赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同。

Article 186 Prior to the transfer of rights to the gift property, the donor may revo ke the gift.

The provisions of the preceding paragraph does not apply to any gift contract the nature of which serves the public interests or fulfills a moral obligation, such as d isaster relief, poverty relief, etc., or any gift contract which has been notarized.

第一百八十六条 【赠与合同的任意撤销与限制】赠与人在赠与财产的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。

具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合同，不适用前款规定。

Article 187 Where conveyance of the gifted property is subject to such procedures as registration according to law, the relevant procedures shall be carried out.

第一百八十七条 【赠与的登记等手续】赠与的财产依法需要办理登记等手续的，应当办理有关手续。

Article 188 In the case of a gift contract the nature of which serves the public int erests or fulfills a moral obligation, such as disaster relief, poverty relief, etc., or a gift contract which has been notarized, if the donor fails to deliver the gift prope rty, the donee may require delivery.

第一百八十八条 【受赠人的交付请求权】具有救灾、扶贫等社会公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同或者经过公证的赠与合同，赠与人不交付赠与的财产的，受赠人可以要求交付。

Article 189 Where the gifted property is damaged or lost due to any intentional m isconduct or gross negligence of the donor, he shall be liable for damages.

第一百八十九条 【赠与人责任】因赠与人故意或者重大过失致使赠与的财产毁损、灭失的，赠与人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 190 A gift may be conditioned on an obligation.

Where the gift is conditioned on an obligation, the donee shall perform his obligat ions in accordance with the contract.

第一百九十条 【附义务赠与】赠与可以附义务。赠与附义务的，受赠人应当按照约定履行义务。

Article 191 The donor is not liable for any defect in the gifted property. Where th e gift is conditioned on an obligation, and the gifted property is defective, the xxx or has the same warranty obligations as a seller to the extent of the prescribed ob ligations.

Where the donor intentionally omits to inform the donee of the defect or warrante d the absence of any defect, thereby causing losses to the donee, he shall be liable for damages.

第一百九十一条 【赠与的瑕疵担保责任】赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人不承担责任。附义务的赠与，赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人在附义务的限度内承担与出卖人相同的责任。

赠与人故意不告知瑕疵或者保证无瑕疵，造成受赠人损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 192 Where the donee is in any of the following circumstances, the donor may revoke the gift:

(1) seriously harming the donor or any immediate family member thereof;

(2) failing to perform support obligations owed to the donor;

(3) failing to perform the obligations under the gift contract.

The donor shall exercise its revocation right within one year after he knows, or ou ght to know, the cause for revocation.

第一百九十二条 【赠与的法定撤销】受赠人有下列情形之一的，赠与人可以撤销赠与：

（一）严重侵害赠与人或者赠与人的近亲属；

（二）对赠与人有扶养义务而不履行；

（三）不履行赠与合同约定的义务。

赠与人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日起一年内行使。

Article 193 Where the donor is deceased or incapacitated due to the donee's illegal act, his heir or legal agent may revoke the gift.

The heir or legal agent of the donor shall exercise the right of revocation within s ix months after he knows, or ought to know, the cause for revocation.

第一百九十三条 【赠与人的继承人或法定代理人的撤销权】因受赠人的违法行为致使赠与人死亡或者丧失民事行为能力的，赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人可以撤销赠与。

赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销原因之日起六个月内行使。

Article 194 Upon revocation of the gift, the person with the revocation right may claim restitution of the gifted property from the donee.

第一百九十四条 【赠与财产的返还】撤销权人撤销赠与的，可以向受赠人要求返还赠与的财产。

Article 195 If the donor's economic situation is deteriorated significantly, thereby s eriously impacting on his business operation or family life, he may no longer perf orm the gift obligations.

第一百九十五条 【赠与义务的免除】赠与人的经济状况显著恶化，严重影响其生产经营或者家庭生活的，可以不再履行赠与义务。

Chapter 12 Contracts for Loan of Money

第十二章 借款合同

Article 196 A contract for loan of money is a contract whereby the borrower borro ws a sum of money from the lender, and xxxxxx the borrowed money with interes t thereon when it becomes due.

第一百九十六条 【定义】借款合同是借款人向贷款人借款，到期返还借款并支付利息的合同。

Article 197 A contract for loan of money shall be in writing, except where the loa n is between natural persons who have agreed otherwise.

The contents of a contract for loan of money include the terms such as the loan's type, currency, purpose, amount, interest rate, term and method of repayment, et c.

第一百九十七条 【合同形式及主要条款】借款合同采用书面形式，但自然人之间借款另有约定的除外。

借款合同的内容包括借款种类、币种、用途、数额、利率、期限和还款方式等条款。

Article 198 In entering into a contract for loan of money, the lender may require the borrower to provide a guaranty. The guaranty shall conform to the provisions of the Security Law of the People's Republic of China.

第一百九十八条 【合同的担保】订立借款合同，贷款人可以要求借款人提供担保。担保依照《中华人民共和国担保法》的规定。

Article 199 In entering into a contract for loan of money, the borrower shall provi de true information concerning its business operation and financial condition in co nnection with the loan as required by the lender.

第一百九十九条 【借款人提供其真实情况的义务】订立借款合同，借款人应当按照贷款人的要求提供与借款有关的业务活动和财务状况的真实情况。

Article 200 No interest shall be deducted from the principal in advance. Where an y interest amount is deducted from the principal in advance, the repayment of pri ncipal and calculation of interest shall be based on the actual amount borrowed.

第二百条 【利息的预先扣除】借款的利息不得预先在本金中扣除。利息预先在本金中扣除的，应当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利息。

Article 201 Where the lender fails to make the loan amount available on the agree d date and in the agreed amount, thereby causing losses to the borrower, it shall pay damages.

Where the borrower fails to draw down on the agreed date and in the agreed am ount, it shall nevertheless pay the interest on the agreed date and in the agreed a mount.

第二百零一条 【贷款违约责任】贷款人未按照约定的日期、数额提供借款，造成借款人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

借款人未按照约定的日期、数额收取借款的，应当按照约定的日期、数额支付利息。

Article 202 The lender may examine and monitor the application of the proceeds i n accordance with the contract. The borrower shall periodically provide the lender with materials such as related financial and accounting reports, etc. in accordance with the contract.

第二百零二条 【贷款人的检查、监督权】贷款人按照约定可以检查、监督借款的使用情况。借款人应当按照约定向贷款人定期提供有关财务会计报表等资料。

Article 203 Where the borrower fails to use the proceeds for the prescribed purpo se, the lender may withhold funding, call the loan, or terminate the contract.

第二百零三条 【借款使用的限制】借款人未按照约定的借款用途使用借款的，贷款人可以停止发放借款、提前收回借款或者解除合同。

Article 204 The interest rate on the loan provided by a financial institution engage d in lending operation shall be determined between the minimum and maximum r ates fixed by the People's Bank of China.

第二百零四条 【利率】办理贷款业务的金融机构贷款的利率，应当按照中国人民银行规定的贷款利率的上下限确定。

Article 205 The borrower shall pay the interest at the agreed time. Where the xxx e of interest payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be d etermined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, if the loan term is less than one year, the interest shall be paid together with the principal at the time of repa yment; if the loan term is one year or longer, the interest shall be paid at the en d of each annual period, and where the remaining period is less than one year, th e interest shall be paid together with the principal at the time of repayment.

第二百零五条 【利息的支付】借款人应当按照约定的期限支付利息。对支付利息的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，借款期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付；借款期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付。

Article 206 The borrower shall repay the principal at the agreed time. Where the time of repayment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be deter mined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the borrower may repay at any t ime; and the lender may demand repayment from the borrower within a reasonabl e time limit.

第二百零六条 【借款的返还期限】借款人应当按照约定的期限返还借款。对借款期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，借款人可以随时返还；贷款人可以催告借款人在合理期限内返还。

Article 207 Where the borrower fails to repay the loan at the agreed time, it shall pay delayed repayment interest in accordance with the contract or the relevant pr ovisions of the State.

第二百零七条 【逾期利息】借款人未按照约定的期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家有关规定支付逾期利息。

Article 208 Where the borrower prepays the loan, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the interest shall be calculated based on the actual period of loan.

第二百零八条 【提前偿还借款的利息计算】借款人提前偿还借款的，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当按照实际借款的期间计算利息。

Article 209 The borrower may apply to the lender for extension of the loan term before its maturity. Upon consent by the lender, the loan term may be extended.

第二百零九条 【借款展期】借款人可以在还款期限届满之前向贷款人申请展期。贷款人同意的，可以展期。

Article 210 A contract for loan of money between natural persons becomes effectiv e at the time the lender makes the loan amount available.

第二百一十条 【自然人间借款合同的生效时间】自然人之间的借款合同，自贷款人提供借款时生效。

Article 211 Under a contract for loan of money between natural persons, if payme nt of interest is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, the loan is deemed inte rest free.

Under a contract for loan of money between natural persons, the interest rate on the loan may not contravene the relevant provisions of the State concerning limit on loan interest rate.

第二百一十一条 【自然人间借款合同的利率】自然人之间的借款合同对支付利息没有约定或者约定不明确的，视为不支付利息。自然人之间的借款合同约定支付利息的，借款的利率不得违反国家有关限制借款利率的规定。

Chapter 13 Leasing Contracts

第十三章 租赁合同

Article 212 A leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor delivers to the lesse e the lease item for it to use or accrue benefit from, and the lessee pays the rent.

第二百一十二条 【定义】租赁合同是出租人将租赁物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人支付租金的合同。

Article 213 The contents of a leasing contract include terms such as the name, qu antity and purpose of the lease item, lease term, amount of rent, time and metho d of rent payment, as well as maintenance and repair of the lease item, etc.

第二百一十三条 【合同的主要条款】租赁合同的内容包括租赁物的名称、数量、用途、租赁期限、租金及其支付期限和方式、租赁物维修等条款。

Article 214 The lease term may not exceed twenty years. If the lease term exceeds twenty years, the portion of the lease term beyond the initial twenty year period is invalid.

At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease, provided that the r enewed term may not exceed twenty years commencing on the date of renewal.

第二百一十四条 【租赁期限】租赁期限不得超过二十年。超过二十年的，超过部分无效。租赁期间届满，当事人可以续订租赁合同，但约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不得超过二十年。

Article 215 Where the lease term is six months or longer, the lease shall be in wri ting. If the parties fail to adopt a writing form, the lease is deemed a non-term le ase.

第二百一十五条 【租赁合同的形式】租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用书面形式的，视为不定期租赁。

Article 216 The lessor shall deliver the lease item to the lessee in accordance with the contract and shall, during the lease term, keep the lease item fit for the agre ed purpose.

第二百一十六条 【出租人基本义务】出租人应当按照约定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期间保持租赁物符合约定的用途。

Article 217 The lessee shall use the lease item in the agreed manner. Where the manner of use of the lease item is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61of this Law, the lease item shall be used in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百一十七条 【承租人基本义务】承租人应当按照约定的方法使用租赁物。对租赁物的使用方法没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照租赁物的性质使用。

Article 218 Where the lessee uses the lease item in the agreed manner or in a ma nner consistent with its nature, thereby causing wear and tear to the lease item, it is not liable for damages.

第二百一十八条 【正当使用租赁物的责任】承租人按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损耗的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 219 Where the lessee fails to use the lease item in the agreed manner or i n a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing damage to it, the lessor m ay terminate the contract and claim damages.

第二百一十九条 【未正当使用租赁物的责任】承租人未按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合同并要求赔偿损失。

Article 220 The lessor shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair of the lease item, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十条 【租赁物的维修】出租人应当履行租赁物的维修义务，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 221 Where the lease item needs maintenance or repair, the lessee may req uire the lessor to perform maintenance or repair within a reasonable time limit.

If the lessor fails to fulfill its obligations of maintenance or repair, the lessee may maintain or repair the lease item on its own at the lessor's expense. Where the l essee's use of the lease item is impaired due to maintenance or repair thereof, the rent shall be reduced or the lease term shall be extended accordingly.

第二百二十一条 【出租人履行维修义务】承租人在租赁物需要维修时可以要求出租人在合理期限内维修。出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。因维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应减少租金或者延长租期。

Article 222 The lessee shall keep the lease item with due care and shall be liable for damages if the lease item is damaged or lost due to improper care.

第二百二十二条 【租凭物的保管】承租人应当妥善保管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 223 Subject to consent of the lessor, the lessee may make improvement on or addition to the lease item.

If the lessee makes improvement on or addition to the lease item without consent of the lessor, the lessor may require the lessee to restore the lease item to its ori ginal condition or claim compensation for the losses.

第二百二十三条 【租赁物的改善】承租人经出租人同意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物。

承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以要求承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。

Article 224 Subject to consent of the lessor, the lessee may sublease the lease ite m to a third party. Where the lessee subleases the lease item, the leasing contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid, and if the third party causes da mage to the lease item, the lessee shall compensate for the losses.

Where the lessee subleases the lease item without the consent of the lessor, the le ssor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十四条 【转租】承租人经出租人同意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。承租人转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同继续有效，第三人对租赁物造成损失的，承租人应当赔偿损失。

承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租人可以解除合同。

Article 225 During the lease term, any benefit accrued from the possession or use of the lease item belongs to the lessee, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十五条 【租赁物的收益】在租赁期间因占有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所有，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 226 The lessee shall pay the rent at the agreed time. Where the time of p ayment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in a ccordance with Article 61 of this Law, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lea se term if it is less than one year; if the lease term is one year or longer, the ren t shall be paid at the end of each annual period, and where the remaining period is less than one year, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term.

第二百二十六条 【支付租金的期限】承租人应当按照约定的期限支付租金。对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，租赁期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付；租赁期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付。

Article 227 Where the lessee fails to pay or delays in paying the rent without any reason, the lessor may require the lessee to pay the rent within a reasonable xxx e limit. If the lessee fails to pay the rent at the end of such time limit, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十七条 【租金的未支付、迟延支付和逾期不支付】承租人无正当理由未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以要求承租人在合理期限内支付。承租人逾期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。

Article 228 If due to any claim by a third party, the lessee is unable to use or ac crue benefit from the lease item, the lessee may require reduction in rent or refus e to pay rent.

In case of any claim by a third party, the lessee shall timely notify the lessor.

第二百二十八条 【租赁物的权利瑕疵】因第三人主张权利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金。

第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时通知出租人。

Article 229 Any change of ownership to the lease item does not affect the validity of the leasing contract.

第二百二十九条 【所有权变动后的合同效力】租赁物在租赁期间发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效力。

Article 230 Where the lessor is to sell a dwelling unit under a lease, it shall give the lessee a notice within a reasonable time limit before the sale, and the lessee h as the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第二百三十条 【优先购买权】出租人出卖租赁房屋的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利。

Article 231 Where the lease item is damaged or lost in part or in whole due to a ny reason not attributable to the lessee, the lessee may require reduction in rent o r refuse to pay rent; where the purpose of the contract can not be achieved due t o damage to or loss of the lease item in part or in whole, the lessee may termina te the contract.

第二百三十一条 【租赁物的灭失】因不可归责于承租人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金；因租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承租人可以解除合同。

Article 232 Where the term of a lease is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, such lease is deemed a non-term lease. Either party may terminate the contract at any time, p rovided that the lessor shall give the lessee a reasonable advance notice before it t erminates the contract.

第二百三十二条 【租期不明的处理】当事人对租赁期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期租赁。当事人可以随时解除合同，但出租人解除合同应当在合理期限之前通知承租人。

Article 233 Where the lease item endangers the safety or health of the lessee, the lessee may terminate the contract at any time even if the lessee knows the lease i tem does not meet the quality requirements when concluding the contract.

第二百三十三条 【租赁物的瑕疵担保】租赁物危及承租人的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然可以随时解除合同。

Article 234 Where the lessee is deceased during the term of a dwelling unit lease, the person jointly living in the unit with the lessee while the lessee is alive may continue leasing it on the terms of the original leasing contract.

第二百三十四条 【共同居住人的居住权】承租人在房屋租赁期间死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人可以按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。

Article 235 The lessee shall return the lease item at the end of the lease term. Th e returned lease item shall be in a condition resulting from its use in the agreed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百三十五条 【租赁物的返还】租赁期间届满，承租人应当返还租赁物。返还的租赁物应当符合按照约定或者租赁物的性质使用后的状态。

Article 236 Upon expiration of the lease term, if the lessee continues to use the le ase item without objection by the lessor, the original leasing contract remains effec tive, provided that it becomes a non-term lease.

第二百三十六条 【续租】租赁期间届满，承租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但租赁期限为不定期。

Chapter 14 Financial Leasing Contracts

第十四章 融资租赁合同

Article 237 A financial leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor, upon purc hase of the lessee-selected lease item from a lessee-selected seller, provides the lea se item to the lessee for its use, and the lessee pays the rent.

第二百三十七条 【定义】融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。

Article 238 The contents of a financial leasing contract include terms such as the name, quantity, specifications, technical performance, and method of inspection of the lease item, the lease term, the rental components and the time, method and c urrency of payment, as well as the ownership of the lease item at the end of the lease term, etc.

A financial leasing contract shall be concluded in writing.

第二百三十八条 【合同的主要条款及形式】融资租赁合同的内容包括租赁物名称、数量、规格、技术性能、检验方法、租赁期限、租金构成及其支付期限和方式、币种、租赁期间届满租赁物的归属等条款。

融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。

Article 239 Under the sales contract concluded by the lessor according to the lesse e's selection of the seller and the lease item, the seller shall deliver the subject m atter to the lessee in accordance with the contract, and the lessee enjoys the right s of the buyer in respect of taking delivery of the subject matter.

第二百三十九条 【租赁物的购买】出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买受人的权利。

Article 240 The lessor, the seller and the lessee may agree that any claim arising from the seller's failure in the performance of its obligations under the sales contr act will be made by the lessee. Where the lessee makes such a claim, the lessor s hall provide assistance.

第二百四十条 【索赔权】出租人、出卖人、承租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协助。

Article 241 Without the consent of the lessee, the lessor may not amend any lesse e-related term in the sales contract concluded by it according to the lessee's selecti on of the seller and the lease item.

第二百四十一条 【买卖合同的变更】出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与承租人有关的合同内容。

Article 242 The lessor shall be entitled to the ownership of the lease item. In case the lessee goes bankruptcy, the lease item is not part of its bankruptcy assets.

第二百四十二条 【租赁物所有权】出租人享有租赁物的所有权。承租人破产的，租赁物不属于破产财产。

Article 243 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the rent under a financial leasi ng contract shall be determined based on the major portion of or full costs of pur chasing the lease item and the lessor's reasonable profit.

第二百四十三条 【租金的确定】融资租赁合同的租金，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当根据购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出租人的合理利润确定。

Article 244 Where the lease item does not comply with the contract or is not fit f or the intended purpose, the lessor is not liable, except where the lessee relies on the skills of the lessor in selecting the lease item or the lessor interferes with the selection thereof.

第二百四十四条 【租赁物的瑕疵担保责任】租赁物不符合约定或者不符合使用目的的，出 租人不承担责任，但承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。

Article 245 The lessor shall give warranty in respect of the lessee's possession and use of the lease item.

第二百四十五条 【租赁物的占有和使用】出租人应当保证承租人对租赁物的占有和使用。

Article 246 If in the possession of the lessee, the lease item causes personal injury or property damage to a third party, the lessor is not liable.

第二百四十六条 【租赁物造成的损害责任】承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人的人身伤害或者财产损害的，出租人不承担责任。

Article 247 The lessee shall keep and use the lease item with due care. While in possession of the lease item, the lessee shall perform the obligations of maintenan ce and repair thereof.

第二百四十七条 【租赁物的保管、使用、维修】承租人应当妥善保管、使用租赁物。承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维修义务。

Article 248 The lessee shall pay the rent in accordance with the contract. Where t he lessee fails to pay the rent within a reasonable time limit after receiving the de mand for payment from the lessor, the lessor may require payment of the full ren t; or it may terminate the contract and take back the lease item.

第二百四十八条 【承租人拒付租金责任】承租人应当按照约定支付租金。承租人经催告后在合理期限内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以要求支付全部租金；也可以解除合同，收回租赁物。

Article 249 Where the parties agree that the lease item shall belong to the lessee at the expiry of the lease term, the lessee has paid the majority of the rent but is unable to pay the remaining rent, and the lessor terminates the contract for this reason and takes back the lease item, if the value of the lease item taken back ex ceeds the rent and other expenses which the lessee owes to the lessor, the lessee may request the lessor to return a certain part.

第二百四十九条 【租赁物价值的部分返还权】当事人约定租赁期间届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经支付大部分租金，但无力支付剩余租金，出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物的，收回的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以及其他费用的，承租人可以要求部分返还。

Article 250 The lessor and the lessee may agree on the ownership of the lease ite m at the expiry of the lease term. Where ownership of the lease item is not agree d or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Arti cle 61 of this Law, the ownership of the lease item shall belong to the lessor.

第二百五十条 【租赁期满租赁物归属】出租人和承租人可以约定租赁期间届满租赁物的归属。对租赁物的归属没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，租赁物的所有权归出租人。

Chapter 15 Contracts for Work

第十五章 承揽合同

Article 251 A contract for work is a contract whereby the contractor shall, in light of the requirements of the ordering party, complete certain work and deliver the results therefrom, and the ordering party pays the remuneration therefor.

Work includes processing, ordering, repairing, duplicating, testing, inspecting, etc..

第二百五十一条 【定义】承揽合同是承揽人按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成果，定作人给付报酬的合同。

承揽包括加工、定作、修理、复制、测试、检验等工作。

Article 252 The contents of a contract for work shall contain such clauses as the s ubject matter, quantity, quality, remuneration, method of the work, supply of mate rials, term of performance, standards and method of inspection.

第二百五十二条 【合同的主要条款】承揽合同的内容包括承揽的标的、数量、质量、报酬、承揽方式、材料的提供、履行期限、验收标准和方法等条款。

Article 253 The contractor shall use its own equipment, skills and labor to comple te the main part of the work, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

Where the contractor assigns the contracted work to a third party for completion, the contractor shall be responsible to the ordering party in respect of the work res ults completed by the ordering party. Where the assignment is not approved by th e ordering party, the ordering party may terminate the contract.

第二百五十三条 【承揽工作的完成】承揽人应当以自己的设备、技术和劳力，完成主要工作，但当事人另有约定的除外。

承揽人将其承揽的主要工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责；未经定作人同意的，定作人也可以解除合同。

Article 254 The contractor may assign some ancillary work contracted to a third p arty for completion.

Where the contractor assigns some ancillary work to a third party for completion, the contractor hall be responsible to the ordering party for the work result comple xxx by a third party.

第二百五十四条 【承揽人对辅助性工作的责任】承揽人可以将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成。承揽人将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责。

Article 255 Where the contractor is to supply the materials, the contractor shall se lect the materials in accordance with the contract and shall make such materials a vailable for inspection by the ordering party.

第二百五十五条 【承揽人提供材料的义务】承揽人提供材料的，承揽人应当按照约定选用材料，并接受定作人检验。

Article 256 Where the ordering party is to supply the materials, it shall supply the materials in accordance with the contract. The contractor shall timely inspect the materials supplied by the ordering party, and if it discovers that they do not confo rm to the agreement in the contract, it shall timely notify the ordering party to re place them or supply what is lacking or take other remedial measures.

The contractor may not replace the materials supplied by the ordering party witho ut authorization, and may not replace any components which do not need to be r epaired.

第二百五十六条 【定作人提供材料及双方义务】定作人提供材料的，定作人应当按照约定提供材料。承揽人对定作人提供的材料，应当及时检验，发现不符合约定时，应当及时通知定作人更换、补齐或者采取其他补救措施。

承揽人不得擅自更换定作人提供的材料，不得更换不需要修理的零部件。

Article 257 Where the contractor discovers that the drawings or technical requirem ents provided by the ordering party are unreasonable, it shall timely notify the ord

ering party. Where any losses are caused to the contractor due to the indolent rep ly of the ordering party and other reasons, the ordering party shall be liable for making compensation.

第二百五十七条 【承揽人的通知义务】承揽人发现定作人提供的图纸或者技术要求不合理的，应当及时通知定作人。因定作人怠于答复等原因造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 258 Where the ordering party changes its requirements for the contracted work while the work is under way, thereby causing losses to the contractor, the or dering party shall be liable for making compensation.

第二百五十八条 【中途变更工作要求的责任】定作人中途变更承揽工作的要求，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 259 Where the performance of the contracted work requires assistance of t he ordering party, the ordering party shall have the obligation to provide assistanc

e. Where the contracted work is unable to be completed due to the ordering party 's failure in fulfilling its obligation of assistance, the contractor may urge the order ing party to perform its obligation within a

reasonable time limit and may extend the term of its performance; where the orde ring party fails to perform such obligation within the time limit, the contractor ma y terminate the contract.

第二百五十九条 【定作人的协助义务】承揽工作需要定作人协助的，定作人有协助的义务。

定作人不履行协助义务致使承揽工作不能完成的，承揽人可以催告定作人在合理期限内履行义务，并可以顺延履行期限；定作人逾期不履行的，承揽人可以解除合同。

Article 260 In the period of working, the contractor shall accept the necessary sup ervision over and inspection of the work by the ordering party. The ordering party may not obstruct the normal work of the contractor with the supervision and ins pection.

第二百六十条 【承揽人接受监督检查的义务】承揽人在工作期间，应当接受定作人必要的监督检验。定作人不得因监督检验妨碍承揽人的正常工作。

Article 261 Upon the completion of the contracted work, the contractor shall delive r the work results to the ordering party and shall submit necessary technical mate rials and the relevant quality certificate. The ordering party shall conduct acceptan ce inspection of the work results.

第二百六十一条 【验收质量保证】承揽人完成工作的，应当向定作人交付工作成果，并提交必要的技术资料和有关质量证明。定作人应当验收该工作成果。

Article 262 Where the work results delivered by the contractor fail to meet the qu ality requirements, the ordering party may request the contractor to bear the liabil ities for the breach of contract by way of repairing, remaking, reducing remunerati on, or making compensation.

第二百六十二条 【质量不合约定的责任】承揽人交付的工作成果不符合质量要求的，定作人可以要求承揽人承担修理、重作、减少报酬、赔偿损失等违约责任。

Article 263 The ordering party shall pay the remuneration at the agreed time limit. Where the time limit of payment is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the ordering part

y shall pay it at the time when the contractor delivers the work results; where the work results are partially delivered, the ordering party shall make payment accord ingly.

第二百六十三条 【支付报酬期限】定作人应当按照约定的期限支付报酬。对支付报酬的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，定作人应当在承揽人交付工作成果时支付；工作成果部分交付的，定作人应当相应支付。

Article 264 Where the ordering party fails to pay the remuneration or cost for the materials, etc. to the contractor, the contractor is entitled to lien upon the work results, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第二百六十四条 【承揽人的留置权】定作人未向承揽人支付报酬或者材料费等价款的，承揽人对完成的工作成果享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 265 The contractor shall keep the materials supplied by the ordering party and the completed work results with due care, and shall be liable for damages in case of any damage or losses due to improper care.

第二百六十五条 【材料的保管】承揽人应当妥善保管定作人提供的材料以及完成的工作成果，因保管不善造成毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 266 The contractor shall keep the relevant information confidential as requi red by the ordering party, and may not retain any replica or technical material wi thout permission of the ordering party.

第二百六十六条 【承揽人的保密义务】承揽人应当按照定作人的要求保守秘密，未经定作人许可，不得留存复制品或者技术资料。

Article 267 Joint contractors are jointly and severally liable to the ordering party, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第二百六十七条 【共同承揽】共同承揽人对定作人承担连带责任，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 268 The ordering party may terminate the contract at any time, but it shal l bear the liability for making compensation for losses, if the contractor suffers los ses therefrom.

第二百六十八条 【定作人的解除权】定作人可以随时解除承揽合同，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Chapter 16 Contracts for Construction Projects

第十六章 建设工程合同

Article 269 A contract for construction project is a contract whereby the contractor performs project construction, and the developer pays the price.

Contracts for construction projects include contracts for survey, design, and constr uction.

第二百六十九条 【定义】建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合同。建设工程合同包括工程勘察、设计、施工合同。

Article 270 A contract for construction project shall be in written form.

第二百七十条 【合同形式】建设工程合同应当采用书面形式。

Article 271 Tendering for a construction project shall be conducted in an open, fai r and impartial manner in accordance with the relevant laws.

第二百七十一条 【招标投标】建设工程的招标投标活动，应当依照有关法律的规定公开、公平、公正进行。

Article 272 The developer may enter into a contract for construction project with a prime contractor, or enter into contracts for survey, design, and construction wit h the surveyor, designer, and constructor respectively.

The developer may not divide a construction project which should be completed b y one contractor into several parts and contract them out to several contractors.

Subject to consent by the developer, the prime contractor or the contractor for sur vey, design, or construction may delegate part of the contracted work to a third p arty. The third party and the prime contractor or the contractor for survey, design, or construction shall be jointly and severally liable to the developer in respect of the work product completed by such third party. The contractor may not assign in whole to any third party the contracted construction project, or divide the whole contracted construction project into several parts and separately assign each part t o a third party under the guise of sub-contracting.

The contractor is prohibited from sub-contracting any part of the project to an ent ity not appropriately qualified. A sub-contractor is prohibited from further sub-cont racting its contracted work. The main structure of the construction project must b e constructed by the contractor itself.

第二百七十二条 【总包与分包】发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同，也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同。发包人不得将应当由一个承包人完成的建设工程肢解成若干部分发包给几个承包人。

总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人经发包人同意，可以将自己承包的部分工作交由第三人完成。第三人就其完成的工作成果与总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人向发包人承担连带责任。承包人不得将其承包的全部建设工程转包给第三人或者将其承包的全部建设工程肢解以后以分包的名义分别转包给第三人。

禁止承包人将工程分包给不具备相应资质条件的单位。禁止分包单位将其承包的工程再分包。建设工程主体结构的施工必须由承包人自行完成。

Article 273 A contract for a major state construction project shall be concluded in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state and in compliance with th

e state-approved documents such as the investment plan and feasibility studies rep ort, etc.

第二百七十三条 【重大建设工程合同的订立】国家重大建设工程合同，应当按照国家规定的程序和国家批准的投资计划、可行性研究报告等文件订立。

Article 274 A contract for survey or design includes terms such as the time limit f or submission of the relevant basic information and documents (including budget e stimate), the quality requirements, fees, and other conditions of cooperation, etc.

第二百七十四条 【勘察、设计合同主要内容】勘察、设计合同的内容包括提交有关基础资料和文件（包括概预算）的期限、质量要求、费用以及其他协作条件等条款。

Article 275 A construction contract includes terms such as the scope of the project, the construction period, the time for commencement and completion of any work to be commissioned in the interim, the quality of the project, the cost of the pro

ject, the time for delivery of technical materials, the responsibilities for the supply of materials and equipment, the appropriation of

funds and settlement of account, inspection upon completion of the project, the sc ope and period of quality warranty, and cooperation between the parties, etc.

第二百七十五条 【施工合同主要条款】施工合同的内容包括工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程的开工和竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责任、拨款和结算、竣工验收、质量保修范围和质量保证期、双方相互协作等条款。

Article 276 Where the construction project is subject to supervision, the developer shall enter into an agency appointment contract for project supervision with a proj ect supervisor in writing. The rights, obligations and associated legal liabilities of t he developer and supervisor shall be prescribed in accordance with the provisions hereof concerning agency appointment contracts and the provisions of other releva nt laws and administrative regulations.

第二百七十六条 【建设工程监理】建设工程实行监理的，发包人应当与监理人采用书面形式订立委托监理合同。发包人与监理人的权利和义务以及法律责任，应当依照本法委托合同以及其他有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 277 Provided that the developer does not interfere with the normal operati on of the contractor, it may inspect the progress and quality of the work at any ti me.

第二百七十七条 【发包人检查权】发包人在不妨碍承包人正常作业的情况下，可以随时对作业进度、质量进行检查。

Article 278 In the case of concealed work, the contractor shall give the developer notice for inspection prior to concealment. Where the developer fails to timely con duct inspection, the contractor may extend the relevant project milestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work stoppage or work slowdown, etc.

第二百七十八条 【隐蔽工程的验收】隐蔽工程在隐蔽以前，承包人应当通知发包人检查。发包人没有及时检查的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。

Article 279 Upon completion of the construction project, the developer shall condu ct acceptance inspection according to the construction drawings and specifications, and in accordance with the rules of construction inspection and quality inspection standard prescribed by the state. Once the construction project has passed the acc eptance inspection, the developer shall pay the

prescribed price and accept the construction project.

The completed construction project may be put into use only after it has passed t he acceptance inspection; if the construction project has not been inspected or has failed the inspection, it may not be put into use.

第二百七十九条 【竣工验收】建设工程竣工后，发包人应当根据施工图纸及说明书、国家颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准及时进行验收。验收合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付价款，并接收该建设工程。

建设工程竣工经验收合格后，方可交付使用；未经验收或者验收不合格的，不得交付使用。

Article 280 Where the developer sustains any loss from construction delay due to non-compliance of the survey or design or due to delayed delivery of the survey o r design documents, the surveyor or the designer shall continue to improve the su rvey or design, reduce or forgo the survey fee or design fee, and pay damages.

第二百八十条 【勘察、设计人质量责任】勘察、设计的质量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计文件拖延工期，造成发包人损失的，勘察人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计，减收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。

Article 281 Where the construction project fails to meet the prescribed quality req uirements due to any reason attributable to the constructor, the developer is entitl ed to require the constructor to repair, re-construct or make alteration free of cha rge within a reasonable time. Where delivery

of the project is delayed due to such repair, re-construction or alteration, the cons tructor shall be liable for breach of contract.

第二百八十一条 【施工人的质量责任】因施工人的原因致使建设工程质量不符合约定的，发包人有权要求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者返工、改建。经过修理或者返工、改建后，造成逾期交付的，施工人应当承担违约责任。

Article 282 Where the construction project caused personal injury and property da mage during its reasonable usage period due to any reason attributable to the con tractor, the contractor shall be liable for damages.

第二百八十二条 【质量保证责任】因承包人的原因致使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身和财产损害的，承包人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 283 Where the developer fails to provide raw materials, equipment, site, fu nds, or technical information at the prescribed time and in accordance with the co ntractual requirements, the contractor may extend the relevant project milestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work stoppage or slowdown, etc.

第二百八十三条 【发包人违约责任】发包人未按照约定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。

Article 284 If an ongoing project is stopped or delayed due to any reason attribut able to the developer, the developer shall take the appropriate measures to make up or mitigate the loss, and shall indemnify the contractor for its loss and out-of- pocket expenses arising from resulting work stoppage, slowdown, reshipment, re-di spatch of mechanical equipment, and excess inventory of materials and assemblies, etc.

第二百八十四条 【发包人原因致工程停建、缓建的责任】因发包人的原因致使工程中途停建、缓建的，发包人应当采取措施弥补或者减少损失，赔偿承包人因此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。

Article 285 Where in the course of survey or design, any repeating work, work sto ppage or change of design occurs due to the developer's change of plan, the incorr ect information provided by it, or its failure to provide the working conditions nec

essary for the survey or design at the prescribed time, the developer shall increase the fees in light of the actual amount of work done

by the surveyor or designer.

第二百八十五条 【发包人的原因致勘察、设计、返工、停工或修改设计的责任】因发包人变更计划，提供的资料不准确，或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计，发包人应当按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。

Article 286 If the developer failed to pay the price in accordance with the contract, the contractor may demand payment from the developer within a reasonable peri od. Where the developer fails to pay the price at the end of such period, the cont ractor may enter into an agreement with the developer to liquidate the project, an d may also petition the People's Court to auction the

project in accordance with the law, unless such project is not fit for liquidation or auction in light of its nature.

The construction project price shall be paid in priority out of proceeds from the li quidation or auction of the project.

第二百八十六条 【工程价款的支付】发包人未按照约定支付价款的，承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付价款。发包人逾期不支付的，除按照建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍卖的以外，承包人可以与发包人协议将该工程折价，也可以申请人民法院将该工程依法拍卖。建设工程的价款就该工程折价或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。

Article 287 A matter not provided for in this Chapter shall be governed by the rel evant provision governing contracts of hired works.

第二百八十七条 【适用承揽合同的规定】本章没有规定的，适用承揽合同的有关规定。

Chapter 17 Transportation Contracts

第十七章 运输合同

Section One General Provisions

第一节 一般规定

Article 288 A transportation contract is a contract whereby the carrier carries pass engers or cargoes from the starting place of carriage to the agreed destination, an d the passenger, consignor or consignee pays for the ticket-fare or freight.

第二百八十八条 【定义】运输合同是承运人将旅客或者货物从起运地点运输到约定地点，旅客、托运人或者收货人支付票款或者运输费用的合同。

Article 289 A carrier engaged in public transportation may not refuse the normal and reasonable carriage request of a passenger or consignor.

第二百八十九条 【公共运输承运人】从事公共运输的承运人不得拒绝旅客、托运人通常、合理的运输要求。

Article 290 The carrier shall safely carry the passengers or cargoes to the agreed destination within the agreed time or within a reasonable time.

第二百九十条 【按约定期间运输义务】承运人应当在约定期间或者合理期间内将旅客、货物安全运输到约定地点。

Article 291 The carrier shall carry the passengers or cargoes to the agreed destinat ion via the agreed route or the customary carriage route.

第二百九十一条 【按约定路线运输义务】承运人应当按照约定的或者通常的运输路线将旅客、货物运输到约定地点。

Article 292 A passenger, a consignor or a consignee shall pay the ticket-fare or fre ight. Where the carrier fails to carry the passengers or the cargoes via the agreed or customary carriage route, thereby increasing the ticket-fare or freight, the passe nger, consignor or consignee may refuse to pay any increased portion thereof.

第二百九十二条 【旅客、托运人或收货人基本义务】旅客、托运人或者收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。承运人未按照约定路线或者通常路线运输增加票款或者运输费用的，旅客、托运人或者收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者运输费用。

Section Two Passenger Transportation contracts

第二节 客运合同

Article 293 A passenger transportation contract is established upon the carrier's de livery of the passenger ticket to the passenger, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties or there are other transaction practices.

第二百九十三条 【合同的成立】客运合同自承运人向旅客交付客票时成立，但当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。

Article 294 The passenger shall board the means of transportation with a valid pa ssenger ticket. If the passenger boards without a ticket, exceeds the distance paid f or, takes a higher class or higher berth than booked, or boards with an invalid tic ket, he shall make up the payment for an appropriate ticket, and the carrier may charge an additional payment in accordance with the relevant provisions. Where th e passenger fails to pay the ticket-fare, the carrier may refuse to carry.

第二百九十四条 【持有效客票乘运义务】旅客应当持有效客票乘运。旅客无票乘运、超程乘运、越级乘运或者持失效客票乘运的，应当补交票款，承运人可以按照规定加收票款。旅客不交付票款的，承运人可以拒绝运输。

Article 295 Where the passenger is unable to board the means of transportation at the time stated on the passenger ticket due to any reason attributable to himself, he shall undergo the formalities for ticket cancellation and refund or for ticket m odification within the agreed period. Where the passenger fails to do so within the

time period, the carrier may refuse to refund the ticket-fare, and no longer bear the obligation of carriage.

第二百九十五条 【退票与变更】旅客因自己的原因不能按照客票记载的时间乘坐的，应当在约定的时间内办理退票或者变更手续。逾期办理的，承运人可以不退票款，并不再承担运输义务。

Article 296 In the course of carriage, the passenger's carry-on luggage shall be wit hin the agreed limit of quantity. Where the luggage exceeds the agreed limit of qu antity, the additional luggage shall be checked in.

第二百九十六条 【按约定限量携带行李义务】旅客在运输中应当按照约定的限量携带行李。超过限量携带行李的，应当办理托运手续。

Article 297 The passenger may not bring with him or pack in the luggage such da ngerous articles as are flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive as well as those that might endanger the safety of life and property on board the means of transportation or other contraband articles.

Where the passenger violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may unload, destroy or turn over to the relevant authority the contraband articles. Where the passenger insists on carrying in person or placing in his luggage the c ontraband articles, the carrier shall refuse to carry.

第二百九十七条 【违禁品或危险物品的携带禁止】旅客不得随身携带或者在行李中夹带易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性以及有可能危及运输工具上人身和财产安全的危险物品或者其他违禁物品。

旅客违反前款规定的，承运人可以将违禁物品卸下、销毁或者送交有关部门。旅客坚持携带或者夹带违禁物品的，承运人应当拒绝运输。

Article 298 The carrier shall timely inform the passenger of any major causes hind ering the normal carriage and the matters which shall be noted for purpose of saf ety carriage.

第二百九十八条 【承运人告知重要事项义务】承运人应当向旅客及时告知有关不能正常运输的重要事由和安全运输应当注意的事项。

Article 299 The carrier shall carry the passenger according to the time and the car riage schedule stated on the passenger ticket. Where the carrier delays in carriage, it shall, upon request by the passenger, either arrange the passenger to take othe

r flights or numbers or refund the ticket-fare.

第二百九十九条 【承运人迟延运输】承运人应当按照客票载明的时间和班次运输旅客。承运人迟延运输的，应当根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次或者退票。

Article 300 Where the carrier unilaterally changes the means of transportation, the reby lowering the standards of service, it shall, upon request by the passenger, ref und the ticket-fare or lower the price of the ticket; where the service standards ar e enhanced, no additional ticket-fare

shall be charged.

第三百条 【承运人变更运输工具】承运人擅自变更运输工具而降低服务标准的，应当根据旅客的要求退票或者减收票款；提高服务标准的，不应当加收票款。

Article 301 In the course of carriage, the carrier shall gives its best efforts to assis t the passenger who is seriously ill, or who is giving birth to a child or whose life is at risk.

第三百零一条 【对旅客的救助义务】承运人在运输过程中，应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险的旅客。

Article 302 The carrier shall be liable for damages in case of injury or death of th e passenger in the course of carriage, except where such injury or death is attribu table to the passenger's own health, or the carrier proves that such injury or deat h is caused by the passenger's intentional misconduct or gross negligence.

The provisions in the preceding paragraph apply to a passenger who is exempted f rom buying a ticket or holds a preferential ticket pursuant to the relevant provisio ns, or who is permitted by the carrier to be on board without a ticket.

第三百零二条 【旅客伤亡的损害赔偿责任】承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任，但伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。

前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。

Article 303 Where an article that the passenger takes with him on board is damag ed or destroyed during the period of carriage, the carrier shall be liable for the da mage if it has committed faults.

Where the passenger's check-in luggage is damaged or lost, the relevant provisions on the carriage of cargoes shall be applied.

第三百零三条 【对行李的赔偿责任】在运输过程中旅客自带物品毁损、灭失，承运人有过错的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

旅客托运的行李毁损、灭失的，适用货物运输的有关规定。

Section Three Cargo Transportation contracts

第三节 货运合同

Article 304 In undergoing the formalities for cargoes, the consignor shall precisely indicate to carrier the name of the consignee or the consignee by order, the nam e, nature weight, amount and the place for taking delivery of the cargoes, and oth er information necessary for cargo carriage.

Where the carrier suffers from damage due to untrue declaration or omission of i mportant information by the consignor, the consignor shall be liable for damages.

第三百零四条 【托运人告知义务】托运人办理货物运输，应当向承运人准确表明收货人的名称或者姓名或者凭指示的收货人，货物的名称、性质、重量、数量，收货地点等有关货物运输的必要情况。

因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情况，造成承运人损失的，托运人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 305 Where carriage of the cargo is subject to such procedures as examinati on and approval or inspection, the consignor shall submit to the carrier the docu ments of fulfillment of the relevant procedure.

第三百零五条 【托运人提交文件义务】货物运输需要办理审批、检验等手续的，托运人应当将办理完有关手续的文件提交承运人。

Article 306 The consignor shall pack the cargo in the agreed manner. Where the packing manner is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, the provisions of Arti cle 156 of this Law shall be applied.

Where the consignor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may refuse to carry.

第三百零六条 【托运人的包装义务】托运人应当按照约定的方式包装货物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第一百五十六条的规定。

托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输。

Article 307 In consigning any dangerous articles which are inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, the consignor shall, in accordance with the provisi ons of the State on the carriage of dangerous articles, properly pack the dangerous articles and affix thereon signs and labels for dangerous articles, and shall submit the written papers relating to the number and measures of precaution to the carr ier

If the consignor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier ma y refuse to carry, and may also take corresponding measures to avoid losses, expe nses thus caused shall be borne by the consignor .

第三百零七条 【托运人运送危险货物的义务】托运人托运易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当按照国家有关危险物品运输的规定对危险物品妥善包装，作出危险物标志和标签，并将有关危险物品的名称、性质和防范措施的书面材料提交承运人。

托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由托运人承担。

Article 308 Prior to carrier's delivery of the cargoes to the consignee, the consigno r may request the carrier to suspend the carriage, return the cargoes, change the destination or deliver the cargoes to another consignee, but it shall compensate th e carrier for any losses thus caused.

第三百零八条 【托运人请求变更的权利】在承运人将货物交付收货人之前，托运人可以要求承运人中止运输、返还货物、变更到达地或者将货物交给其他收货人，但应当赔偿承运人因此受到的损失。

Article 309 Upon arrival of the cargoes, if the carrier has the knowledge of the co nsignee, it shall timely notify the consignee and the consignee shall timely take de livery. Where the consignee takes delivery exceeding the time limit, it shall pay su ch expenses as storage of the goods, etc.

第三百零九条 【承运人的通知义务及收货人及时提货义务】货物运输到达后，承运人知道收货人的，应当及时通知收货人，收货人应当及时提货。收货人逾期提货的，应当向承运人支付保管费等费用。

Article 310 Upon taking delivery of the cargoes, the consignee shall inspect the car goes at the agreed time. Where the time for inspection is not agreed or the agree ment is not clear, nor can it be determined in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, the consignee shall inspect the cargo within a reasonable time limit. The con signee's failure to raise any objection on the quantity of, or any damage to, the ca rgoes within the agreed time limit or within a reasonable time limit is deemed pri ma facie evidence of delivery by the carrier in compliance with the description in the transportation documents.

第三百一十条 【收货人对货物的检验】收货人提货时应当按照约定的期限检验货物。对检验货物的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在合理期限内检验货物。收货人在约定的期限或者合理期限内对货物的数量、毁损等未提出异议的，视为承运人已经按照运输单证的记载交付的初步证据。

Article 311 The carrier is liable for damages in case of damage to or loss of the c argoes in the course of carriage, provided that it is not liable for damages if it pr oves that such damage to or loss of the cargoes is caused by force majeure, the i ntrinsic characteristics of the cargoes,reasonable depletion, or the fault of the consi gnor or consignee.

第三百一十一条 【承运人的赔偿责任】承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担损害赔偿责任，但承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 312 Where the parties agree on the amount of damages in case of damage to or loss of the cargoes, the damages payable is the agreed amount; if the amou nt of damages is not agreed or the agreement is not clear, nor can it be determin ed in accordance with Article 61 of this Law, it shall be calculated on the basis of the prevailing market price at the destination when the cargoes are or ought to b e delivered. Where a law or administrative regulation provides otherwise in respect of the measures for the calculation of damages and of the ceiling of the amount

of damages, these provisions shall be applied.

第三百一十二条 【确定货损额的方法】货物的毁损、灭失的赔偿额，当事人有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，按照交付或者应当交付时货物到达地的市场价格计算。法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方法和赔偿限额另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 313 Where two or more carriers jointly carry the cargoes using the same m eans of transportation, the carrier contracting with the consignor shall be responsi ble for the whole course of carriage. Where the losses occurred at a particular seg ment, the carrier contracting with the consignor and the carrier for such segment are jointly and severally liable.

第三百一十三条 【相继运输的责任承担】两个以上承运人以同一运输方式联运的，与托运人订立合同的承运人应当对全程运输承担责任。损失发生在某一运输区段的，与托运人订立合同的承运人和该区段的承运人承担连带责任。

Article 314 Where the cargoes are lost in the course of carriage due to force maje ure, if the freight has not been collected, the carrier may not request the payment thereof; if the freight has been collected, the consignor may request the refund of the freight.

第三百一十四条 【货物的灭失与运费的处理】货物在运输过程中因不可抗力灭失，未收取运费的，承运人不得要求支付运费；已收取运费的，托运人可以要求返还。

Article 315 Where the consignor or consignee fails to pay the freight, storage fees and other carriage expenses, the carrier is entitled to lien on the relevant carried cargoes, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties.

第三百一十五条 【运送物的留置】托运人或者收货人不支付运费、保管费以及其他运输费用的，承运人对相应的运输货物享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 316 Where the consignee is not clear or refuses to take delivery of the car goes without justified reasons, the carrier may place the cargo in escrow according to the provisions of Article 101 of this Law.

第三百一十六条 【货物的提存】收货人不明或者收货人无正当理由拒绝受领货物的，依照本法第一百零一条的规定，承运人可以提存货物。

Section Four Multi-modal Transportation contract

第四节 多式联运合同

Article 317 A multi-modal carriage operator is responsible for performing, or arran ging for performance of, the multi-modal transportation contract, and it enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations of a carrier throughout the course of carriage.

第三百一十七条 【多式联运经营人的权利义务】多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，对全程运输享有承运人的权利，承担承运人的义务。

Article 318 The multi-modal carriage operator and the segment carriers may enter into agreements on their respective duties concerning each segment, provided that the obligations of the multi-modal carriage operator with respect to the entire cour se of carriage are not affected by any such agreement.

第三百一十八条 【多式联运的责任制度】多式联运经营人可以与参加多式联运的各区段承运人就多式联运合同的各区段运输约定相互之间的责任，但该约定不影响多式联运经营人对全程运输承担的义务。

Article 319 Upon receipt of the cargo delivered by the consignor, the multi-modal carriage operator shall issue thereto a multi-modal carriage document. The multi-m odal carriage document may either be assignable or non-assignable as required by the consignor.

第三百一十九条 【联运单据的转让】多式联运经营人收到托运人交付的货物时，应当签发多式联运单据。按照托运人的要求，多式联运单据可以是可转让单据，也可以是不可转让单据。

Article 320 Where the multi-modal carriage operator sustains any loss due to the f ault of the consignor in the course of consigning the cargo, the consignor shall be liable for damages notwithstanding its subsequent assignment of the multi-modal carriage document.

第三百二十条 【托运人的损害赔偿责任】因托运人托运货物时的过错造成多式联运经营人损失的，即使托运人已经转让多式联运单据，托运人仍然应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 321 Where damage to or loss of the cargo occurred within a particular seg ment of the course of a multi-modal carriage, the multi-modal carriage operator's l iability for damages and any limitation thereon are governed by the applicable tra nsportation law of the jurisdiction which such segment is under. Where the segme nt in which the cargo is damaged or lost cannot be determined, the liability for d amages shall be borne in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.

第三百二十一条 【赔偿责任适用法律的规定】货物的毁损、灭失发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定。货物毁损、灭失发生的运输区段不能确定的，依照本章规定承担损害赔偿责任。

Chapter 18 Technology Contracts

第十八章 技术合同

Section One General Provisions

第一节 一般规定

Article 322 A technology contract is a contract the parties conclude for establishin g their rights and obligations in respect of the development or transfer of technolo gy, or in respect of technical consulting or service.

第三百二十二条 【定义】技术合同是当事人就技术开发、转让、咨询或者服务订立的确立相互之间权利和义务的合同。

Article 323 The conclusion of a technology contract shall be conducive to the adva ncement of science and technology, and expedite the conversion, application and di ssemination of scientific and technological achievements.

第三百二十三条 【订立技术合同的原则】订立技术合同，应当有利于科学技术的进步，加速科学技术成果的转化、应用和推广。

Article 324 The contents of a technology contract shall be agreed upon by the par ties, and shall contain the following clauses in general:

(1) project name;

(2) contents, scope and requirement of the subject matter;

(3) the plan, schedule, period, place, territory and method of performance;