FIDIC合同条件应用实务
FIDIC合同条件应用实务
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目录
• 一、国际工程承包的原则
• 二、合同的法律基础
• 三、FIDIC合同条件是国际通用文件
• 四、保函、保险
• 五、FIDIC合同条件的彩虹系列
• 六、合同文件的优先次序
• 七、FIDIC合同条件的强制性和严肃性
• 八、业主、咨询工程师和承包商间的三角关系
• 九、文字交往为准
• 十、FIDIC合同条件(红皮书)是单价合同
目录
• 十一、 报价技巧
• 十二、波纹理论(The Ripple Theory)
• 十三、承包商创收的三大支柱
• 十四、怎么看“低价拿标,靠索赔赚钱”的说法
• 十五、第二封顶标理论及其启示
• 十六、英国点工与VO
• 十七、EOT
• 十八、汇兑风险
• 十九、国际仲裁
• 二十、税收
• 二十一、联营体 vs 合包集团
• 二十二、分包
• 二十三、合作的重要性
• 二十四、总承包项目
• 二十五、项目的“影响曲线(Influence Curve)”
• 二十六、Turnkey – EPC Contract
• 二十七、FEPC(融资总承包项目)
• 二十八、风险管理
• 二十九、推荐参考书目
FIDIC合同条件应用实务
十二、波纹理论(The Ripple Theory)及索赔案例
• 在FIDIC合同条件77/87版中,当发生Force Majeure(但条款里的表述用词是 force of nature, Clause 20.4, any operation of the forces of nature against which an experienced contractor could not reasonably have been expected to take precautions
) 后,与一般的贸易合同处理原则不同,不是各自分担,而是划到了业主违约
的范畴里面(Clause 20, Clause 65, Clause 69)。
• 99版第19款里正式使用了Force Majeure的说法;银皮书第19款。
十三、承包商创收的三大支柱
• 要特别注意可操作性。
• 1) V.O(第51款和第52款/99版第13款;银皮书第13款);
• 2) 调价公式(第70款/99版第13.8款;银皮书第13.8款,但业主通常以总价合
同为理由而删掉);
• 3) 索赔(77版第52.5款/87版第53款/99版第20.1款;银皮书第20.1款,但比红皮书来得难很多)vs 反索赔。
Major Claim > 10%~20%(分水岭)
十四、怎么看“低价拿标,靠索赔赚钱”的说法
1)从理论上分析(数学推算):(10 Days MBA) “低价”的本质就是削减利润,那么
原来是25%的毛利,假设现在降到了15%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?
(25%-15%)/15% = 10%/15% = 0.667
如果降到12.5%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?
(25%-12.5%)/12.5% = 12.5%/12.5% = 1, 即再多做一个
如果降到5%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?
(25%-5%)/5 = 20%/5% = 4
如果降到1%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%?
(25%-1%)/1% = 24%/1% = 24 !!! ???
第一个问题:值吗?无法消灭对手的有生力量 vs 自残(倾向)
第二个问题:深层次上,对于多做的0.667、1、4、24个,如何看待时间跨度的延长、风险出现的或然率等多因素影响(vs Slogan Management)?
结论:价格竞争是下下策,只能是最后的选择!价格战多数没有好结果。
2)从实践上探讨:案例(Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxx) vs Quizzes(成本、工期、索赔、结局)
结论:Winning Strategy > So So Strategy(SWOT or common sense)
> Slogan Management( Do better,Lower cost,Get big fast,Client first…)战略需苦思,执行靠用心。多想一二!要问5W?vs Vision
十五、第二封顶标理论及其启示 The Vickrey Auction (Uniform Second-price)
• The uniform second-price auction is commonly called the Vickrey Auction, named after Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, who classified it in the 1960s. It is a sealed-bid English auction (ascending-price; vs Dutch auction, descending price) with an important concept that the highest bidder wins but only pays at the second-highest bid price. Why is the Vickrey Auction significant? Because it is designed to induce truthful-revelation .This variation over the normal bidding procedure is supposed to encourage bidders to bid the largest amount they are willing to pay.
• Most auctions are first-price auctions with either open-outcry or sealed bid format. The winner is the highest bidder, and correspondingly pays their bid.
Like the first-price auction, each bidder is ignorant of other bids while the bids are sealed (instead of open-outcried, NOTE:it is imperative to seal the bid). But the item is awarded only to highest bidder at a price equal to the second-highest bid (or highest unsuccessful bid).
In a sealed-bid auction, bidders generally try to shade their bids slightly under their true valuation of the product, thereby creating an opportunity to win the auction and pay less than their valuation (profit-oriented). Bidders do this to avoid the problem of “winner’s curse”: an idea that the winner of an auction generally overvalues the product and he will be the final loser. Nonetheless, auction sellers do not wish for players to shade their bids and have developed alternative-style auctions (Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx’x observation and Theory).
In other words, a winner pays less than the highest bid. If, for example, bidder A bids
$10, bidder B bids $15, and bidder C offers $20, bidder C ($20) would win, however he would only pay the price at the second-highest bid ($15), namely bidder B.
Q and A
BUT What about changing the format just a little and having a second-price, open- outcry auction? In such a case, participants could bid in the ascending (say English way) format and the winner would ultimately pay the price of the second-highest bid. One might imagine that such an auction would have much the same results as a typical English (ascending, open-outcry) auction, but, in fact, an auction like that would be easy to manipulate. Imagine bidder A bidding $25 for an item worth $100. Some other bidder could quite easily and safely bid $750, knowing that no one will bid more and that he will safely get it by only paying $25. It is clearly imperative to seal the bid in a Vickrey Auction instead of open-outcry.
Again expounding Example of Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx Theory:
Assume a Vickrey Auction for 2 Super Bowl Tickets(National Football League, USA).
Your own personal valuation of these tickets is $3,000.
What would happen if you place a bid greater than $3,000 (for example, $3,100) hoping to increase your chances of winning, and knowing that you only need to pay the second highest bid if you win ?
1st scenario: the second highest bid is $2,800; you win the tickets with your bid of
$3,100, and pay $2,800. This is the same outcome if you had bid $3,000.
2nd scenario: the second highest bid is $3,050; you win the tickets with your bid of
$3,100, but you pay $3,050. This price is greater than your valuation and therefore is a bad outcome.
3rd scenario: the second highest bid is $3,200; you lose the tickets with your bid of
$3,100. But you would have lost with a bid of $3,000 as well.
Now assume that your bid is less than $3,000 (for example, $2,900) hoping to win the tickets at a lower price.
1st scenario: the second highest bid is $2,800; you win the tickets with your bid of
$2,900, and pay $2,800. This is the same outcome if you had bid $3,000.
2nd scenario: the second highest bid is $2,950; you lose the tickets with your bid of
$2,900. You would have won with a bid of $3,000.
3rd scenario: the second highest bid is $3,200; you lose the tickets with your bid of
$2,900. But you would have lost with a bid of $3,000 as well.
CONCLUSION: Under a Vickrey Auction, all players have the optimal strategy to
truthfully reveal their personal valuation of the auctioned product.
十六、英国点工与VO
• 第52.4款(Daywork)和第58款(PS,备用金)/99版第13.5款(PS)和第13.6款
(Daywork) 的实用性;银皮书第13.5款和第13.6款。
• 应用技巧,实例。
• EOT vs overhead compensation
• 用于报价分析,作为参考数据之一。
• 有经验的承包商项目经理高频率使用的重要文件(之一) vs 英国咨询工程师
的思维方式
十七、EOT
• 如何客观看国外项目的工期问题?
• 第14.1款(Programme to be Submitted) vs 第44.1款(Extension of Time for Completion) /99版第8.3款 vs 第8.4款;银皮书第8.3款 vs 第8.4款。
• Programme vs As-built Programmes(过程中动态修改的进度计划)vs 工期索赔参照系
• Warnings(77版)vs Warning(87版) vs Milestones(银皮书)。
• 延期补偿(管理费12.5%,“英国点工计费标准” 《合约工程中临时发生的点工计费标准/英国土木工程承包商协会》作为支持性文件)。
• 实例。
十八、汇兑风险
• 第71款和第72款/99版第14.15款;银皮书第14.15款。
• 实例,Guilder (荷兰盾) vs US Dollar。
• Professional Advice 的重要性。
• 再举一个实例,2004年签约的某煤矿提升设备项目,合同金额1152万欧元。
2004年底,人民币升值的预期日益高涨,欧元也处于历史高位。经认真测算项目现金流后,为规避汇率风险,对项目收款进行套期保值运作。12月7日,当欧元出现小幅波动,外界对欧元继续升值与否存在两种不同预期的情况下,做成欧元/人民币套期保值,达成了两笔总计450万欧元的远期结汇交易,并借用保函信用额度(而并非现汇保证金)提供保证。
2005年11月7日和12月6日,两笔欧元套期保值均成功按期交割,即期汇率
与约定汇率相比多产生收益合人民币651万元(占合同总金额的7%)。
十九、国际仲裁
• 第67款/99版第20款(仲裁与重大索赔的关系),银皮书第20款(“索赔、争端和仲裁”,与99版红皮书思路相同)。
• 仲裁规则,ICC、UNCITRAL和AAA、CIETAC等。
• DRB vs DAB; Mediation/Reconciliation(ADR).
• 仲裁员vs 律师。
• 律师的收费与你的选择(转变观念!市场导向)小时收费 + Success Fee + Retainer Scheme。
• 仲裁可能出现的多种结局。
• 诉讼(Xxxxx Xxx 案例: 1.5亿 vs 8000万+500万/采取财产保全措施)。
• 实例( Austin Road,1亿 vs 9500x vs 80万,JV 股份50%:50%的问题)。
• 不得再诉讼的仲裁条款(附后供参考)。
• 20 Claims, Disputes and Arbitration
(FIDIC 1999版为基础,但取消了DAB)
• 20.6 (d) Arbitration
All disputes arising out of or in connection with the Contract and it’s attachments as defined in the Clause 2 of the Special Conditions of Contract shall be finally settled under the rules of arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce by three arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said rules. The location of arbitration shall be in Bern, Switzerland. For the avoidance of doubt it is confirmed that the decision of the arbitrators shall be final and binding and neither Party shall have any right to appeal from any decision of the arbitrators to any Court in order to review any decision of the arbitrators.
FIDIC合同条件应用实务
鉴于仲裁耗时较长(统计显示平均两年),有经验的承包商通常加入如下补充:
• (e) Fast Track Arbitration
The Parties agree to cooperate to procure a speedy conclusion of the Arbitration
adopting “Fast Track” principles and agree that the Six (6) month deadline in Article 24(1) for the issuance by the Tribunal of its Award shall be reduced to Four (4) months and they wish that it should only be extended in exceptional circumstances.
To this end the Parties agree that the period in Article 5(1) of the ICC Rules shall be reduced to Fifteen (15) days, that the period in Article 18(2) for establishing terms of reference shall be reduced to One (1) month.
二十、税收
• 世界银行、亚洲开发银行和非洲开发银行等国际金融组织融资的项目均为免税
,但不免除公司和个人所得税。
• 清关(Customs Clearance)。
• 清税(Tax Clearance)。
• 实 例 。
• 善用外部资源(大 vs 小)(更倾向于防风险开口跑,还是想借助法律制约对方成交?普通法 vs 大陆法)。
• 毕加索的逸事 (xxxx vs 几分钟)。
• 保密,实例(Macau audit)
二十一、联营体 vs 合包集团
• 通常由Local Preference 7.5%的招标条件引出。
• 许多业主为防范风险,在大项目上要求由JV投标。
• Joint Venture (联营体)— a kind of merger, 99版第1.14款(unincorporated grouping of two or more persons);银皮书第1.14款。重要:连带责任(joint and several liabilities)。
• Consortium(合包集团)— 仅按股份比例就自己实施的工程范围分别对业主承担相应的责任与义务,而并不承担合包集团其他伙伴对业主的连带责任。
• 思维方式的转变:算好自己的,不要老算别人的!
• CC606项目实例:2% Leader Fee (比大比小,5% vs 0.8%),然后 10%先分给牵
头公司,再按比例分成。
• 沉默合作者(Sleeping Partner)。
• 注意回报与风险的匹配关系。
实例
• 牵头费(Leader Fee)。某铁路项目,5410万美元, 牵头费2%(比大比小: 0.8% vs 5%),不算低。赢利的10%还要先分给牵头公司,再按比例分成。甲、乙、丙三方股份比例为45%:30%:25%,总盈利711万美元(13%),分别赢利360万(另加牵头费108万,已列项目成本):191万:160万美元(仅投入54万:36万:30万美元,半年
)。
• 沉默合作伙伴: “不战而胜”。某机场设施项目,2546万美元,乙方睡觉费64万美元(2.5%),甲方实施赢利不详。
• 失败的例子:某房建项目,3170万美元。乙方开始想不开,不同意睡觉,坚持要自己参与,而甲方愿给睡觉费31.7万美元(1%),甲方预测实施可盈利115万美元(3.6%)。履约中乙方的管理和流动资金等出现问题,又向甲方请求撤出,想要睡觉。结局是乙方亏损15万美元,甲方亏损38万美元(原合作比例三七开)
。
• 成功的例子:某填海项目,4708万美元,乙方睡觉费47万美元(1%),甲方实施盈利211万美元(4.5%)。
二十二、分包
• FIDIC合同第4款和第59款(指定分包商)/99版第4.4 ~4.6款和第5款(指定分包商);银皮书第4.4 ~4.6款。
• 特点:不得100%转包,事先知会业主。
• Coordination – Site Coordinator, 99版第4.6款(Co-operation)。
• 对分包商的制约,back to back sub-contracting。以银行信用(保函)代替商业信用(合同),例如,取消 provided that „„这类对分包商有利的 “稻草条款”,反保函必须写明“不延期即索赔”,并注意预留充足的索赔时间等。
• Pay when paid vs Pay if paid.
• 分包时的几个原则。
• 注意防范Claim-conscious Contractor。
• 拆细分包(成本) vs 切块分包(Package)(风险)。
二十三、合作的重要性
• 合作就是联姻,一家人。
• Partnership — the philosophy of alliance.
• We are on the same boat.
• Win-Win or No Deal.
• Be Unconditional Constructive.
• Extend Cooperation.
• Communicate, Communicate, Communicate!
• Good communication builds trust in the relationship.
• 小赢在智,大赢在德。
• 夫唯不争,故天下莫能与之争。
《蓝海战略》/British Airways的实例 vs 波士顿矩阵。
波士顿矩阵(经营多项业务,决策投资组合)
• 高市场份额意味着该项业务是所在行业的领导者。
• 美国通用电器公司的CEOxx·xx奇的理论是:“要么不做,要做就要做到本行业的第一或第二”。(Be No.1 or No.2 in its arenas, or be gone.)
?
Star
Dog
Cash Cow
预计增长率 Growth
市场份额(占有率) Share
二十四、总承包项目
1. 合同种类
• Design-bid-Build (FIDIC) 。
• 单一总包牵头 vs 多头承包商对业主(费用可降低,但管理难、风险大,因此引出下面的Construction Management方式)。
• Construction Management(CM) vs Management Agreement/Contract (有时 Management Agreement可免合同税)。
• Turnkey (D+B) (FIDIC 77/87 版 ) - EPC (FIDIC 99 版 ) 。
• 2. | BOT / PPP,BOT 的可操作性 vs 房地产投资 报价方式 | 。 |
• | Lump Sum(FIDIC 橙皮书、银皮书)。 | |
• | Cost Plus. | |
• | Unit Price (FIDIC 红皮书)。 | |
3. | 付款方式 | |
• | Milestone Payments (可以有效防止 Front | Loading)。 |
• | Re-measurement or Progress Payments. | |
4. | 工、料、机(进口设备为主)的管理。 |
二十五、项目的“影响曲线(Influence Curve)”
I
创意(Concept)
对成本
和 设 计 (Engineering)
进
度 采 购 (Procurement)
的
影 施 工 (Construction)
响度
T
时间
二十六、Turnkey – EPC Contract
• 通常有融资要求。
• 属于Lump Sum Contract。
• 优 点 :
1. 责任单一,全在卖方。
2. 价格封顶,风险转嫁给承包商。
3. 没有咨询工程师,加速了定货过程。
4. 高效、无扯皮。
5. 大项目,JV及减少业主风险。
• 缺 点 :
1. 业主失控(因此引出PPP)。
2. 投标费用高,并最终转嫁给业主。
3. 承包商对所承接的风险在算账时一定会 Price Risks,将导致总价抬高(尤其是
当竞争不充分时)。
二十七、FEPC(融资总承包项目)
• 买方信贷 vs 卖方信贷(加大企业负债率)
1.普通出口信贷
浮动利率:LIBOR(5.68)+ margin(0.65~1.75{商贷}或更高)固定利率:CIRR(Commercial Interest Reference Rate) xxx.xxxx.xxx.xx/xxxxx/xxx_xx/xxxxx.xxx(变动中,多种货币)
举例 | US$: | 2 to 5 years credit | 5.97 |
over | 5 to 8.5 years credit | 6.00 | |
over | 8.5 years credit | 6.03 |
年限:≤ 12年: 3.5年(提款期) + 8.5年(还款期)安排费(Management Fee):0.3%~1%(一次性收取)
承诺费:0.3%~0.75%(每年按对没提款部分的实际天数计算)
2.优惠出口信贷 利率 2~3%左右
年限:12~15年:7年(或5年)(grace period 宽限期,只还息不还本;通常
就是建设期)+8年(还本付息),
☆ 主 权 担 保 + One of the Top Three/Five Banks
获出口信贷机构(Export Credit Agency)认可— 保险公司(6~7%) JBIC 银行利率很低:flat 0.5~0.75%,25 +10年(grace period)
3.商业贷款
Indicative Term Sheet
• Project: 项目全称,包括其目的以及主要功能
• Owner: 业主全称,包括政府主管部门全称
• Contractor: 承包商(或联营体/合包集团)全称
• The Contract Price: 合同总金额,例如USD 1 billion(100%)
• Construction Period 工期月数,例如 41 months
• Possible Financing Structure:
• 1) ECA (Export Credit Agency) backed facility: USD 850 m(85%)
• 2) Commercial loan(穆斯林不用该词)facility: USD 150 m(15%)
NB: The a.m. figures are based on the availability of (i) 提供主权担保,covering 85% of the Contract Price plus 85% of the respective Export Credit Agency(ies)'s premium and 85% of the capitalized Facility Charges accruing during the construction period of 41 months on the Export Credit Facility , (ii) an ECA backed facility representing 85% of the Contract Price plus 85% of the respective Export Credit Agency(ies)'s premium and 85% of the capitalized Facility Charges accruing during the construction period of 41 months related to this facility and a commercial facility representing the remaining 15% of the Contract Price.
Tranche 1 : Export Credit Facility
• Borrower: 项目所在国的当地五大银行之一 (i) Bank AAA, (ii) Bank BBB, (iii) Bank CCC, (iv) Bank DDD or (v) Bank EEE.
• Lenders: The Export-Import Bank of China and 某国际大银行, as the case may be accompanied by one or more first rank international banks.
• Arranger: The Export-Import Bank of China
• Guarantor: 项目所在国政府的财政部(或经济事务及财政 部)或中央银行
• Facility Amount: subject to the approval of the Export-Import Bank of China and the Chinese Export Credit Agency (SINOSURE):
• a) up to 85% of the Contract Price i.e. up to USD 850 m
• b) up to 85% of the insurance premium of SINOSURE the respective cover
policy
• c) 85% of the interest during construction
• Currency: USD
• Drawdown Period: Up to 42 months (因项目合同工期41个月,42个月÷12个月= 3.5年,提款期)after the fulfillment of the conditions precedent under the Export Credit Facility, which shall include the effectiveness of the Commercial Contract in accordance with the provisions thereof and, if applicable, the effectiveness of the Commercial Facility.
• Drawdown: Each advance under the Export Credit Facility shall be used to effect payments on behalf of the Owner, to the Contractor according to the payment terms of the Commercial Contract , and to SINOSURE as appropriate.
• Repayment: In up to 17 equal, consecutive half-yearly installments, the first of which being due 6 months after the “starting point of the facility” determined
according to the prevailing “OECD Consensus” regulations, i.e. 6 months after the contractual provisional acceptance date for equipment to be erected under the responsibility of the Contractor; however, an ultimate date for the start of repayment will be fixed in the facility documentation.(17次x 6个月÷12个月= 8.5年,还款期
)
注:经济合作发展组织总部设在巴黎,有“富人俱乐部”之称,现成员国有30多个,其GDP占世界的2/3,中国现为观察员。
• Facility Charges: (把85%的出口信贷分成 53固定利率 : 47浮动利率)
• 1) floating rate
on the basis of the LIBOR for 6 months plus a margin of 0.75% p.a. (0.75 叫70个bp
)The floating rate will apply for a minimum amount of USD 450.5 m .(85%的53%
采用固定利率)
and
• 2) fixed rate
If available, the fixed interest rate (CIRR). The CIRR will be determined by the corresponding CIRR provider in accordance with OECD Consensus regulations. For indicative purposes only, current CIRR for a USD financing and a term of 8.5 years stands at 6.0% p.a.. This fixed rate will apply to a maximum amount of USD 399.5 m .(85%的47% 采用浮动利率)
• Calculation of Facility Charges:
Facility Charges will be calculated on the amounts outstanding based on the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year and will be payable semi-annually in arrears(注意:事后付). The first Facility Charges payment will be due on the first January 21st or July 21st after the first drawdown date.
• Management Fee: 0.3% flat calculated on the total amount of the Export Credit Facility (applicable in case the cover granted by SINOSURE for commercial risk is at least 95%).
• Commitment Fee: 0.3% per annum calculated on the undisbursed amounts of the Export Credit Facility on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year and payable semi-annually in arrears(注意:事后付) from the date of signing of the Export Credit Facility.
• Insurance Cover: Comprehensive cover of min. 95% political risk and 95% commercial risk.
• Insurance Premium: This premium is due to and will be fixed by SINOSURE on the basis of the terms of the requested Export Credit Facility.(通常在 6~7%)
Tranche 2 : Commercial Loan Facility
• Borrower: 项目所在国的当地五大银行之一 (i) Bank AAA, (ii) Bank BBB, (iii) Bank CCC, (iv) Bank DDD or (v) Bank EEE, and the bank selected should be same as that of Tranche 1.
• Lenders: 某国际大银行 or any of its affiliates, as the case may be accompanied by
one or more first rank international banks.
• Arranger: 某国际大银行
• Facility Amount: The portion of the Commercial Contract not financed through the Export Credit nor through the Borrower for in total up to a minimum ratio of covered (amount of Export Credit facility) to uncovered (amount of Commercial Loan Facility) portion of approx. 85 : 15
• Currency: USD
• Drawdown Period: Up to 42 months after the fulfillment of the conditions precedent under the Commercial Facility, which shall include the effectiveness of the Commercial Contract in accordance with the provisions thereof and the effectiveness of the Export Credit Facility.
• Drawdown: Each advance under the Commercial Loan Facility shall be used to effect payments on behalf of the Owner, to the Contractor according to the payment terms of the Commercial Contract.
• Repayment: In up to 6 equal, consecutive half-yearly installments, the first of which being due 6 months after the “starting point of the facility” determined according to the prevailing “OECD Consensus” regulations, i.e. 6 months after the contractual provisional acceptance date for equipment to be erected under the responsibility of the Contractor; however, an ultimate date for the start of repayment will be fixed in the facility documentation.
(6次x6个月÷12个月= 3年,商业贷款的还款期)
• Facility Charges: The Facility Charges will be the LIBOR for the related periods plus a margin of 1.75% p.a. (1.75叫175个bp)Facility Charges will be calculated on the amounts outstanding based on the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year. The first Facility Charges payment will take place 6 months after the first drawdown date. (15%的商贷部分即 USD 150 m 全都采用浮动利率)
• Management Fee: 1.00% flat calculated on the Commercial Loan Facility Amount.
• Commitment Fee: 0.75% per annum calculated on the undisbursed amounts of the Commercial Loan Facility on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year and payable semi-annually in arrears from the date of signature of the Commercial Loan Facility.
二十八、风险管理
• FIDIC合同条件的几大关键条款(Top 3 or Top 5~10)?
• 今日市场竞争成败的关键不是技术,而是管理。
• 管理是艺术,同时管理无法民主(实例,T9 的1 : 7决策)。
• No Project is risk free. 所有风险因素应统一综合考虑。
• 什么会形成风险?
• 缺乏经验(充分利用各种 External Services,理念的转变)。
• 合约管理缺失vs 研读合同!!
• 无法及时做出反馈并抓住机遇(危机 vs 祸福 vs 老子曰,实例) 。
• 不必要的法律责任(合法经营,法律安全,Botswana)。
• 怎么看“质量第一” vs “安全第一” ?
• 实例,短桩事件;HK Fatal Accident 承担刑事责任;Uganda。
• 履约综合表现与PASS积分(Performance Assessment Scoring System),香港的优先授标系统和履约奖金制度值得借鉴。
• 合理转嫁风险(实例,Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx 消失了的“大牛”)。
• SWOT分析。
xx曰
吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。
FIDIC合同条件应用实务
40
Best Operation Practices “Bringing World Class Execution”
FIDIC合同条件应用实务
二十九、推荐参考书目
• 《国际工程承包概论》 xxx 著 中国对外经贸出版社
• 《FIDIC 合同条件应用实务》 | xx | 著 | 中国建筑工业出版社 |
• 《FIDIC 合同条件实用技巧》 | xx | 著 | 中国建筑工业出版社 |
• 《合约工程中临时发生的点工计费标准/英国土木工程承包商协会》 xx 译 中国建筑工业出版社
• Engineering Law and ICE Contracts, Xxx X. Abrahamson,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Reprinted 1985
• The FIDIC Form of Contract, Nael G. Bunni, BSP Professional Books, Reprinted 1994
• Keating on Building Contracts (7th Edition), Xxxxxxx Xxxxx, QC, United Kingdom, Sweet &
Xxxxxxx, December 2003
• Xxxxxx’x Building and Engineering Contracts, I.N. Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx
41
Best Operation Practices “Bringing World Class Execution”
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