Chemical mass closure calculations Sample Clauses

Chemical mass closure calculations. Identification and apportionment of the major aerosol types and/or source categories and assessment of the dominant source regions and transport pathways. Determination of the relative contribu- tions from natural and anthropogenic sources The chemical analysis of the aerosol samples provides concentration data for several indicators and tracers of major aerosol types and source categories, and for discriminating between the natural and anthropogenic contributions. It is especially examined to which extent the measured fine PM can be reconstituted by the various aerosol types and/or components (and thus chemical mass closure can be obtained). The aerosol types and/or components include crustal material (which may consist of soil dust, road dust, and coal fly ash in variable proportions, depending upon the site), sea salt, carbonaceous aerosols, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, and water. In the chemical mass closure calculations, we obtained the mass of crustal material from the mass of Al and other crustal elements, whereas the mass of sea salt was estimated on the basis of the sea-salt elements Na and Cl. By examining the relationships and correlations among the various variables in aerosol composition data sets, the major aerosol types and/or source categories (e.g., mineral dust dispersal, sea spray, fossil fuel combustion, industrial emissions, biomass burning, waste burning) are identified. Subsequently, we calculate the contribution from each aerosol type and/or source category to the concentrations of the fine PM and of the various species and elements. The calculations involve the use of chemical mass balance (CMB) models and of multivariate receptor models (such as absolute principal component analysis (APCA)) [Xxxxx et al., 1984; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 1987; Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx, 1987]. The concentrations of the aerosol types and/or source categories, as obtained by APCA or CMB, or of good indicators for the aerosol types are related to air mass back trajectories in order to assess the source regions and transport pathways. For large data sets (of at least 100 samples collected over long time spans), we also implement statistical approaches to pinpoint the source areas [Xxxxxxx and Xxxx, 1994; Xxxxx, 1996]. For aerosol types, such as sulphate and carbonaceous particles, the natural and anthropogenic contributions are resolved by relating their concentrations to data of suitable indicator species. The apportionment involves the use of multiple linear reg...
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