Electric Conductivity Clause Samples

Electric Conductivity. The electric conductivity (EC, microsiemens per meter) of a material describes the ability of that material to conduct an applied electrical current. In GPR surveys, increased radar wave attenuation is primarily related to increased conductivity. Conduction through atoms will cause the electrons to shift position relative to their nuclei; EM energy used to shift their position will be converted into heat and transmitted to the surroundings, the energy is lost from the propagating wave (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2005; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2001). For this thesis the focus is on ice, which has an EC of approximately 0.01 mS/m (table 2). This value is mainly controlled by the degree of impurity (ionic) of the ice, often controlled by sea salt and volcanic deposits, but also by temperature and pressure (Plewes and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2001). Compared to other materials with a high amount of ionic content (sea water and clays, table 2), ice generated from precipitation and freshwater has, in general, very small amounts of ionic content, and thus very low EC (Table 2). Salt water has a very high EC (Table 2) due to its ionic content (NaCl) and impurity. Fresh water, in comparison, has a very low EC, but greater than distilled water. This is primarily due to impurities and natural pollutants. Natural polar ice is therefore more conductive than temperate ice where the impurities are removed (Plewes and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2001). Despite this, electromagnetic waves will penetrate deeper in polar (cold) ice than in temperate ice because of the loss of energy as the waves encounter liquid water in temperate ice.
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