Forms of resistance among the most Sample Clauses

Forms of resistance among the most copper-dependent crops Genetic resources and available varieties for apples For apple trees, copper is used to control scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) and European canker. Breeding is focused first on resistance to V. inaequalis, a species with a strong ability to evolve. With respect to scab, 17 major resistance genes (designated Rvi1 through Rvi17) have been described to date. All function according to the gene-for-gene model. The majority of scab-resistant apple varieties currently in use carry the resistance gene Rvi6 (also called Vf): over one hundred such varieties are listed in commercial catalogues. Nevertheless, scab-resistant varieties account for a very small percentage of total apple production area (<1% in Europe), although the percentage can be much higher in OA orchards. Beginning in the 1990s, this resistance was overcome in several European countries by virulent strains of scab, which was shown to have come from pathogen populations found on a wild progenitor host of the Vf resistance. Very few varieties carry other resistance genes (Rvi5 in the cultivars Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx, Xxx0 in Regia, Rvi13 in Durello di Forli). In addition, at least 13 QTL for partial resistance have been described in apples, some with wide ranges of action (QTL effective against the majority of tested strains, such as F11 and F17), others narrow (specific QTL, effective only against certain strains; like T1). Researchers have also identified resistance factors for fire blight (caused by Erwinia amylovora), and selection programs are attempting to obtain varieties combining scab resistance with fire blight resistance, and in some cases powdery mildew resistance (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha). A few cultivars have been identified as a result of these efforts.
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