Common use of History and Current Status of Cooperation Clause in Contracts

History and Current Status of Cooperation. Informal private security–law enforcement coopera- tion may have begun with the advent of modern po- licing, but there is little in the literature to document it. Certainly, formal cooperation has long taken place between the federal government and security practi- tioners in the defense industry. In fact, that interac- tion led to the creation of the American Society for Industrial Security (now called ASIS International) in 1955. Later, when aircraft hijacking became a threat, police began to staff airport security checkpoints. When the staffing burden became too great, they handed the responsibility over to private security. The two groups remained in contact so that law enforcement could respond quickly to threats identified by private security. From 1972 to 1977, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration of the U.S. Department of Justice chartered the Private Security Advisory Council “to improve the crime prevention capabilities of private security and reduce crime in public and private places by reviewing the relation- ship between private security systems and public law enforcement agencies, and by developing programs and policies regarding private protection services that are appro- priate and consistent with the public interest.” In the early 1980s, the Washington Law Enforcement Executive Forum was formed to address problems facing both law enforcement and the business community in that state. In 1983, the Dallas Police/Private Security Joint Information Committee was formed. In 1986, the public sector–private sector liaison committees of the National Sheriffs’ Association, IACP, and ASIS International formed the Joint Council of Law En- forcement and Private Security Associations. By 1989, the Detroit area had at least four formal cooperative programs. In the early 1990s, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center’s Operation Partner- ship brought together representatives of law enforcement and private security operations from given jurisdictions for three-day training courses. On returning home, they were asked to submit quarterly reports on the progress of their cooperative programs. In 1999, DOJ’s Bureau of Justice Assistance funded Operation Cooperation, which con- sisted of guidelines, a video, a literature review, and a set of partnership profiles, all de- signed to xxxxxx partnerships between private security and law enforcement. The project identified the benefits of collaboration and described key elements of successful partner- ships. In that same year, DOJ’s Office of Justice Programs funded Michigan State University to study public–private partnerships for critical incident planning and response. That pro- ject produced a best practices guide, “Critical Incident Protocol: A Public and Private Partnership.” With funding from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the uni- versity conducts programs across the nation where representatives of public and private sector organizations meet to develop mutual emergency response plans suited to their local communities. During this Critical Incident Protocol/Community Facilitation Program (CIP/CFP), research is also being conducted on the elements of successful partnerships and associated partnership dynamics. Currently, public–private cooperation takes many forms and occurs at many levels, rang- ing from national-level, mainly information-sharing programs (such as the federal Infor- mation Sharing and Analysis Centers, or ISACs) to local-level, operational partnerships (such as the approximately 1,200 business improvement districts). Cooperation may consist of the following: • informal, ad hoc collaboration • formal partnerships to maintain good relations, share information, or solve spe- cific problems • contractual arrangements in which government agencies contract with private security for services traditionally performed by law enforcement agencies • employment of off-duty law enforcement officers by private security agencies Law enforcement–private security partnerships may be: • encouraged or mandated • led by private security, law enforcement, or both • strategic or tactical • nonprofit organizations • local, regional, statewide, or organized in some other geographic fashion • well or poorly supplied with resources • supplied with their own paid staff, served by the staff of another organization, or operated entirely by volunteers

History and Current Status of Cooperation. Informal private security–-law enforcement coopera- tion may have begun with the advent of modern po- licing, but there is little in the literature to document it. Certainly, formal cooperation has long taken place between the federal government and security practi- tioners in the defense industry. In fact, that interac- tion led to the creation of the American Society for Industrial Security (now called ASIS International) in 1955. Later, when aircraft hijacking became a threat, police began to staff airport security checkpoints. When the staffing burden became too great, they handed the responsibility over to private security. The two groups remained in contact so that law enforcement could respond quickly to threats identified by private security. From 1972 to 1977, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration of the U.S. Department of Justice chartered the Private Security Advisory Council “"to improve the crime prevention capabilities of private security and reduce crime in public and private places by reviewing the relation- ship between private security systems and public law enforcement agencies, and by developing programs and policies regarding private protection services that are appro- priate and consistent with the public interest.” " In the early 1980s, the Washington Law Enforcement Executive Forum was formed to address problems facing both law enforcement and the business community in that state. In 1983, the Dallas Police/Private Security Joint Information Committee was formed. In 1986, the public sector–-private sector liaison committees of the National Sheriffs’ ' Association, IACP, and ASIS International formed the Joint Council of Law En- forcement and Private Security Associations. By 1989, the Detroit area had at least four formal cooperative programs. In the early 1990s, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center’s 's Operation Partner- ship brought together representatives of law enforcement and private security operations from given jurisdictions for three-day training courses. On returning home, they were asked to submit quarterly reports on the progress of their cooperative programs. In 1999, DOJ’s 's Bureau of Justice Assistance funded Operation Cooperation, which con- sisted of guidelines, a video, a literature review, and a set of partnership profiles, all de- signed to xxxxxx partnerships between private security and law enforcement. The project identified the benefits of collaboration and described key elements of successful partner- ships. In that same year, DOJ’s 's Office of Justice Programs funded Michigan State University to study public–-private partnerships for critical incident planning and response. That pro- ject produced a best practices guide, “"Critical Incident Protocol: A Public and Private Partnership.” " With funding from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the uni- versity conducts programs across the nation where representatives of public and private sector organizations meet to develop mutual emergency response plans suited to their local communities. During this Critical Incident Protocol/Community Facilitation Program (CIP/CFP), research is also being conducted on the elements of successful partnerships and associated partnership dynamics. Currently, public–-private cooperation takes many forms and occurs at many levels, rang- ing from national-level, mainly information-sharing programs (such as the federal Infor- mation Sharing and Analysis Centers, or ISACs) to local-level, operational partnerships (such as the approximately 1,200 business improvement districts). Cooperation may consist of the following: • informal, ad hoc collaboration • formal partnerships to maintain good relations, share information, or solve spe- cific problems • contractual arrangements in which government agencies contract with private security for services traditionally performed by law enforcement agencies • employment of off-duty law enforcement officers by private security agencies Law enforcement–-private security partnerships may be: • encouraged or mandated • led by private security, law enforcement, or both • strategic or tactical • nonprofit organizations • local, regional, statewide, or organized in some other geographic fashion • well or poorly supplied with resources • supplied with their own paid staff, served by the staff of another organization, or operated entirely by volunteers