Common use of Main Topics of Study Clause in Contracts

Main Topics of Study. Introduction ► The charter party ► The bill of lading contract ► Charterers’ bills of lading ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract of Affreightment The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration ► Types of frustration ► Factors to be taken into consideration ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview of the Charter ► Introductory clauses ► Cargo clauses ► Freight clauses ► Laytime provisions ► Other clauses ► Performance of the charter party The Arrived Ship ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading ► The voyage to the loading port The Loading Operation ► Division of responsibility ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions of a Bill of Lading ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading ► The waybill ► The straight bill of lading ► The registry system ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules ► Types of carriage covered by the rules ► The cargoes excluded ► Period of coverage of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules ► Duties of the carrier ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction The Process of Communication ► The charter party objectives of communication ► The bill meaning of lading contract ► Charterers’ bills of lading words/ non-verbal communication ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations context or situation ► Barriers to communication ► Why? Who? Where? When? ► What? How? ► Planning the message ► Summary – how to communicate Speaking Effectively ► Basic speaking skills ► Qualities to aim for when speaking ► Summary – good speaking Listening ► Listening – the neglected skill ► Reasons for improving listening ► Are you a good listener? ► Ten aids to good listening ► Summary – good listening Human Interaction and Non-verbal Communication ► Metacommunication and paralanguage ► The language of silence ► The language of time ► Body language or kinesics ► The underlying psychology: NLP, El and TA ► Conflict between verbal and non-verbal communication ► Summary – the importance of paralanguage in human interaction Talking on the Telephone ► Telephone problems ► Basic telephone rules ► Receptionists ► Making a Contract of Affreightment call ► Gathering information by telephone ► Answering the telephone ► Voicemail ► Mobile phone manners ► Summary – good telephoning Interviewing ► Interviewing weaknesses ► What is an interview? ► The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature purposes of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration interview ► Types of frustration interview information ► How to plan an interview ► Structuring the interview ► How to question and probe ► Summary – interviewing Being Interviewed for a Job ► Preparing – the organisation ► Preparing – know yourself ► At the interview ► Tips to remember ► Summary – being interviewed for a job Communicating in Groups ► Advantages of groups ► Disadvantages of groups ► Factors to be taken into consideration affecting group effectiveness ► Effect Summary – making groups and committees work Running and Taking Part in Meetings ► Chairing meetings ► Decision-making methods ► Responsibilities of frustration participants ► Duties of officers and members ► The Voyage Charter Party An Overview agenda ► The minutes ► Video-conferencing and audio-conferencing ► Formal procedure Giving a Talk ► Techniques of public speaking ► Preparation ► Developing the material ► Opening the talk ► Closing the talk ► Visual aids ► Use of notes ► Practising the talk ► Room and platform layout ► Delivery of the Charter talk ► Introductory clauses Summary – being a good speaker Using Visual Aids ► Cargo clauses General principles ► Freight clauses Whiteboards, electronic copy boards, interactive boards ► Laytime provisions Flip charts ► Other clauses Build-up visuals ► Performance Physical objects ► Models and experiments ► Overhead Projector (OHP) ► Data projector or multimedia projector ► 35mm slide projector ► Videos and DVDs ► Closed circuit television and video ► Points to remember about visual aids ► Video and DVD hire and purchase ► Summary – being in control of the charter party The Arrived Ship visual aids Faster Reading ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading How do you read? ► The voyage to physical process of reading ► Ways of increasing your vocabulary ► Summary – faster reading Better Reading ► Determine reading priorities ► Scanning ► Skimming ► SQ3R method of reading ► Summary – better reading Writing Business Letters ► Why good letter-writing matters ► Backing up the loading port The Loading Operation phone call or meeting ► Division of responsibility Planning a letter ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage Layout and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel style ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions structure of a Bill letter ► Dictating ► Standard letters ► Summary – writing business letters Applying for a Job ► What sort of Lading job do you want? ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading What is available and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading what are they looking for? ► The waybill application itself ► The straight bill of lading Job-hunting on the Internet ► The registry system Summary – applying for a job Writing Reports ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules What is a report? ► Types of carriage covered by report ► Essentials of a good report ► What is the rules ► The cargoes excluded ► Period of coverage purpose of the rules Legal Effect report? ► Fundamental structure ► Format, layout, headings and numbering ► Long formal reports ► House style ► How to get started ► Setting your objective ► Researching and assembling the material ► Organising the material and planning the report ► Writing the first draft ► Editing the report ► Producing the report ► Summary – report writing Memos, Messages, Forms and Questionnaires ► Memos ► Email ► Fax ► Postcards and reply cards ► Text messaging ► Forms and questionnaires ► Summary – other writing tasks Visual Communication ► When to use charts and graphs ► Presentation of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Haguestatistical data ► Presenting continuous information ► Presenting discrete or non-Visby Rules continuous information ► Duties of the carrier Presenting non-statistical information effectively Getting to Grips with Grammar ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrierWhy does grammar matter? ► What are the terms is grammar? ► How good is your English? ► The parts of speech in brief ► The framework of English ► The architecture of the contract? sentence Common Problems with English ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party Subject – verb agreement ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems with verbs ► Problems with adjectives ► Problems with adverbs ► Problems with pronouns ► Problems with prepositions and conjunctions ► Problems with ellipsis ► Problems with negatives ► Revision of Combined Transport The Liability grammar Appendices ► A Punctuation made easy ► B Using capitals ► C Using numbers ► D Business clichés or 'commercialese' ► E Commonly misused and confused words ► F Ten (simple?) rules of the Carrier spelling ► Locating damage or loss G Commonly misspelled words ► Limitation of liability H Tips on modern business style ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport I Differences between men and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction women communicating Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction The Process of Communication ► The charter party objectives of communication ► The bill meaning of lading contract words ► Charterers’ bills of lading Non-verbal communication ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations context or situation ► Barriers to communication ► Why? Who? Where? When? ► What? How? ► Planning the message ► Summary – how to communicate Speaking Effectively ► Basic speaking skills ► Qualities to aim for when speaking ► Summary – good speaking Listening ► Listening – the neglected skill ► Reasons for improving listening ► Are you a good listener? ► Ten aids to good listening ► Summary – good listening Human Interaction and Non-verbal Communication ► Metacommunication and paralanguage ► The language of silence ► The language of time ► Body language or kinesics ► The underlying psychology: NLP, El and TA ► Conflict between verbal and non-verbal communication ► Summary – the importance of paralanguage in human interaction Talking on the Telephone ► Telephone problems ► Basic telephone rules ► Receptionists ► Making a Contract of Affreightment call ► Gathering information by telephone ► Answering the telephone ► Voicemail ► Mobile phone manners ► Summary – good telephoning Interviewing ► Interviewing weaknesses ► What is an interview? ► The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature purposes of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration interview ► Types of frustration interview information ► How to plan an interview ► Structuring the interview ► How to question and probe ► Summary – interviewing Being interviewed for a Job ► Preparing – the organisation ► Preparing – know yourself ► At the interview ► Tips to remember ► Summary – being interviewed for a job Communicating in Groups ► Advantages of groups ► Disadvantages of groups ► Factors to be taken into consideration affecting group effectiveness ► Effect Summary – making groups and committees work Running and Taking Part in Meetings ► Chairing meetings ► Decision-making methods ► Responsibilities of frustration participants ► Duties of officers and members ► The Voyage Charter Party An Overview agenda ► The minutes ► Video-conferencing and audio-conferencing ► Formal procedure Giving a Talk ► Techniques of public speaking ► Preparation ► Developing the material ► Opening the talk ► Closing the talk ► Visual aids ► Use of notes ► Practising the talk ► Room and platform layout ► Delivery of the Charter talk ► Introductory clauses Summary – being a good speaker Using Visual Aids ► Cargo clauses General principles ► Freight clauses Whiteboards, electronic copy boards, interactive boards ► Laytime provisions Flip charts ► Other clauses Build-up visuals ► Performance Physical objects ► Models and experiments ► Overhead Projector (OHP) ► Data projector or multimedia projector ► 35mm slide projector ► Videos and DVDs ► Closed circuit television and video ► Points to remember about visual aids ► Video and DVD hire and purchase ► Summary – being in control of the charter party The Arrived Ship visual aids Faster Reading ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading How do you read? ► The voyage to physical process of reading ► Ways of increasing your vocabulary ► Summary – faster reading Better Reading ► Determine reading priorities ► Scanning ► Skimming ► SQ3R method of reading ► Summary – better reading Writing business letters ► Why good letter-writing matters ► Backing up the loading port The Loading Operation phone call or meeting ► Division of responsibility Planning a letter ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage Layout and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel style ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions structure of a Bill letter ► Dictating ► Standard letters ► Summary – writing business letters Applying for a Job ► What sort of Lading job do you want? ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading What is available and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading what are they looking for? ► The waybill application itself ► The straight bill of lading Job-hunting on the Internet ► The registry system Summary – applying for a job Writing Reports ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules What is a report? ► Types of carriage covered by report ► Essentials of a good report ► What is the rules ► The cargoes excluded ► Period of coverage purpose of the rules Legal Effect report? ► Fundamental structure ► Format, layout, headings and numbering ► Long formal reports ► House style ► How to get started ► Setting your objective ► Researching and assembling the material ► Organising the material and planning the report ► Writing the first draft ► Editing the report ► Producing the report ► Summary – report writing Memos, Messages, Forms and Questionnaires ► Memos ► Email ► Fax ► Postcards and reply cards ► Text messaging ► Forms and questionnaires ► Summary – other writing tasks Visual Communication ► When to use charts and graphs ► Presentation of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Haguestatistical data ► Presenting continuous information ► Presenting discrete or non-Visby Rules continuous information ► Duties of the carrier Presenting non-statistical information effectively Getting to Grips with Grammar ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrierWhy does grammar matter? ► What are the terms is grammar? ► How good is your English? ► The parts of speech in brief ► The framework of English ► The architecture of the contract? sentence Common Problems with English ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party Subject–verb agreement ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems with verbs ► Problems with adjectives ► Problems with adverbs ► Problems with pronouns ► Problems with prepositions and conjunctions ► Problems with ellipsis ► Problems with negatives ► Revision of Combined Transport The Liability grammar Appendices ► A Punctuation made easy ► B Using capitals ► C Using numbers ► D Business clichés or 'commercialese' ► E Commonly misused and confused words ► F Ten (simple?) rules of the Carrier spelling ► Locating damage or loss G Commonly misspelled words ► Limitation of liability H Tips on modern business style ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport I Differences between men and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction women communicating Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction Law and the Legal System ► Legislation ► The charter party common law ► Going to law The Catering Enterprise ► Choosing the form of business enterprise ► The bill proprietor or sole trader ► Partnership ► Companies Hotel and Catering Premises ► Acquisition of lading contract ► Charterers’ bills of lading premises ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract hotelier's liability as an occupier of Affreightment premises ► Public health and hygiene ► Fire safety ► Lost property found on the premises ► Staff accommodation ► Security The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness Hotelier and the Guest ► Nature The contract of booking ► Consumer protection and booking contracts ► The registration of guests ► Inns ► Duties of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses innkeeper ► The effect innkeeper's duty towards the property of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port guests ► The period covered by enforcement of the warranty innkeeper's duties ► The nature innkeeper's liability as an occupier of the risks covered premises ► The nature rights of the undertaking-remedies available for breach an innkeeper ► The scope rights and duties of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods a hotel ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration ► Types of frustration ► Factors to be taken into consideration ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview of the Charter ► Introductory clauses ► Cargo clauses ► Freight clauses ► Laytime provisions ► Other clauses ► Performance of the charter party The Arrived Ship ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading ► The voyage to the loading port The Loading Operation ► Division of responsibility ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment by guests and travellers The Restaurateur and the Customer ► Contracts for the sale of Hire food and drink ► Requirements Criminal liability for exercise the sale of right of withdrawal food and drink ► Waiver of right Refusing service to withdraw the customer ► Possible bars to exercise of Theft by customers Commercial Contracts and the right of withdrawal Caterer ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions Standard form contracts ► The terms of a Bill commercial contract Licensing Law ► Liquor licensing ► Restaurants, hotels and clubs ► Permitted hours ► The conduct of Lading licensed premises ► As receipt for goods shipped Weights and measures ► As evidence Miscellaneous licences ► Liability of intoxicated customers Individual Rights and Duties in Relation to the Contract of Employment ► The contract of employment ► The terms of the contract of carriage employment ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading Remuneration ► The waybill rights of employees during employment ► Dismissal ► Redundancy Safety and Working Conditions ► Civil aspects of health and safety at work ► The straight bill of lading Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ► Accidental dangerous occurrences ► People at special risk ► Insurance against injuries The Employer, the Employee and the Trade Union ► Trade unions ► The registry system ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules ► Types of carriage covered by the rules employee's rights as a trade unionist ► The cargoes excluded closed shop ► Period of coverage of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules ► Duties of the carrier ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction Trade union ballots Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction Commercial Seaports and Modes of Maritime ► The charter party Transport ► The bill Commercial seaports ► Container terminals ► Bulk cargo terminals ► Cruise ship terminals ► Non-traditional ports ► Stakeholders ► Terminal owners ► Terminal operators ► Stevedore company ► Longshoremen ► Intermodalism ► Modes of lading contract maritime transport ► Charterers’ bills Tankers ► LNG tankers ► Chemical tankers ► Container ships ► Freighters ► Bulkers ► Oceangoing tugboats ► Cruise and passenger ships Documentation, Financial Transactions, and Business Entities in Commercial Maritime Transportation ► Purchase of lading ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract of Affreightment The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration ► Types of frustration ► Factors Documents used to be taken into consideration ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview of the Charter ► Introductory clauses ► Cargo clauses ► Freight clauses ► Laytime provisions ► Other clauses ► Performance of the charter party The Arrived Ship ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading ► The voyage to the loading port The Loading Operation ► Division of responsibility ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage export and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions of a Bill of Lading ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form import cargo: bill of lading ► The waybill Shipper's export declaration ► Certificate of origin ► Commercial invoice ► Insurance certificate ► Export license ► Consular invoice ► Inspection certificate ► Documents specific to import cargo only: arrival notice ► Pro forma invoice ► Customs entries forms ► Freight release ► Delivery order ► Duty drawback ► Bank draft ► Letter of credit ► Business entities in commercial maritime transportation International Maritime Security Regulation and Programmes ► Objectives ► Introduction ► The straight bill ISPS Code ► Amendments to SOLAS ► WCO’s framework of lading standards to secure and facilitate global trade Vulnerabilities in the Cargo Supply Chain ► Vulnerabilities and their potential impact ► Recommended security practices at the production/loading phase ► Recommended security practices at the export phase ► Carriers and seaports ► Recommended security practices at the importation/distribution phase ► Ports of entry and importers ► Special vulnerabilities in the maritime environment ► Cargo theft ► Internal conspiracies and techniques used to circumvent security ► Container seals ► "Red Flags" of possible criminal/terrorist surveillance Plagues of the Seas: Piracy and Stowaways ► Definition and historical beginnings ► Highlights of recent cases of piracy ► Trends in piracy ► The registry system linkage between piracy, organised crime, and terrorism ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading Stowaways ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application The motivation of the Hague-Visby Rules Application stowaway ► Techniques and tactics used by stowaways Drug Smuggling via Maritime Cargo, Containers and Vessels ► Illegal drug origins and production ► Maritime smuggling routes and trends ► Drug smuggling methods and techniques Terrorism and Commercial Maritime Transportation ► Review of the Rules history of terrorism ► Current trends in terrorism ► Types of carriage covered by the rules weapons utilise ► Explosives ► Small arms and infantry weapons ► Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) ► Terrorist targeting of ships and ports ► Use of ships, cargo, and containers to transport ► Terrorists and materials Strategic Blueprint for World-Class Seaport ► External security ring ► Intelligence operations ► Government and law enforcement liaison ► Perimeter security ring ► Inner security ring ► Site and asset-specific security rings ► Vessel security ring ► Key vessel security procedures ► Pre departure search for contraband and unauthorised persons ► Security personnel employment and training ► Pre-employment screening ► Basic security training ► Security officer equipment ► Port security director ► Port facility security plan Port Security Management ► The cargoes excluded ► Period of coverage of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules ► Duties of the carrier ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments port security director ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills systems approach, ISO certifications, strategic ► Planning, and metric management ► A multi organisational approach toward port security ► The importance of Lading Issued under Charter Parties comprehensive job descriptions ► Where bill Planning and conducting security-related training ► Intelligence and its role in maritime security ► Risk management and port security ► Contingency planning ► The incident command system (ICS) and the national ► Incidents management system (NIMS) ► Testing training and planning through exercises and drills Threat Mitigation Strategies ► Mitigating pirate attacks ► Hostage survival and rescue ► Cargo container inspection techniques ► Security equipment, systems, and devices used to detect contraband and unauthorised persons in a container Information Security and Assurance ► History of lading issued to charterer information security ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper The information security function in a maritime company ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier Key concepts in the navigation or field of information security ► Essential infosec objectives ► Levels of computer security ► Common vulnerabilities in the management of the ship electronic commerce environment ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier Human threats to information security ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction Technical risks Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction Financial Position ► Exchange and value ► Capital ► Financial position ► Separate entity ► Assets and liabilities ► The charter party ► The bill of lading contract ► Charterers’ bills of lading ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract of Affreightment The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration balance sheet ► Types of frustration assets and liabilities Types of Financial Transaction ► Factors to be taken into consideration ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview of Transactions and the Charter ► Introductory clauses ► Cargo clauses ► Freight clauses ► Laytime provisions ► Other clauses ► Performance of the charter party The Arrived Ship ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading balance sheet ► The voyage to duality of transactions and the loading port The Loading Operation money measurement concept ► Division of responsibility ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions of a Bill of Lading ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading ► The waybill ► The straight bill of lading ► The registry system ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules Profit defined ► Types of carriage covered by expenditure: the rules capital/revenue distinction ► Generic types of transaction Recording, Processing and Correcting Financial Transactions ► The cargoes excluded double-entry system ► Period of coverage Periodic balancing of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules ► Duties of the carrier ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments books ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered trial balance ► Types of claim covered error ► Limitation amount The correction of errors Preparing the Final Accounts ► Breaking Calculating profitability ► The trading and profit and loss account ► The accruals concept ► The balance sheet Accounting for Fixed Assets ► Definition of fixed assets ► Depreciation of fixed assets ► Depreciation and the limits Freight accruals concept ► Methods of depreciation ► Recording, processing and reporting depreciation in the accounts ► Accounting for the acquisition and disposal of fixed assets ► The Basic Obligation consistency concept ► Intangible fixed assets Accounting for Stocks ► Types of stock ► Stock valuation and profitability ► Control and verification of purchasing and receiving ► Stock control systems ► Stock valuation when input prices are changing Accounting for Credit Transactions ► Cash and credit transactions ► Debtors and creditors ► Reconciliation of statements and ledger accounts ► Credit control ► Provision for bad debts ► Accounting, purchasing and cost control Accounting for Cash ► The importance of cash management ► The cash book ► Bank reconciliations ► Till and takings management ► Credit cards ► The xxxxx cash system ► Foreign currency exchange ► Ticket systems for cash sales ► Introduction to cash flow statement ► Cash and the accruals concept Accounting for Employees ► The significance of employee costs in HTL businesses ► Remuneration methods ► The payroll system ► Accounting for employment costs ► Reporting employee costs Accounting for VAT ► The principles of VAT ► Rates and scope of VAT ► Calculating VAT liability ► Completing a VAT return and paying VAT ► Accounting for VAT ► The mechanics of VAT for tour operators and travel agents Accounting for Recreation and Leisure Clubs ► Types of recreation and leisure clubs ► The distinction between clubs and commercial organisations ► Sourcing of income for recreation and leisure clubs ► Measuring and reporting income and expenditure ► Preparation of final accounts and notes Accounting for Multiple Ownership ► The partnership agreement ► The appropriation of profit ► Changes to the partnership ► Partnership dissolution and conversion ► Distinctive features of limited companies ► The final accounts of limited companies ► Corporate capital structure Costing a Product or Service ► Expenses and costs ► Cost control and organisational structure ► The three main components of cost ► Calculating the direct material cost ► Calculating the direct labour cost ► Allocation and apportionment of overhead costs ► Calculating the total cost of a product in a multiproduct, multi departmental business Pricing a Product or Service ► Pricing based on cost data ► Pricing decisions based on market conditions ► Pricing to optimise profit using cost and market information ► Pricing strategies in special situations Accounting for Contribution ► The behaviour of cost and revenue against output ► Break-even analysis ► Contribution theory ► The contribution and sales ratio ► Evaluating business alternatives ► Contribution theory and product-mix decisions ► Profit maximisation where resources are limited ► Make-or-buy decisions Planning and Budgeting ► Strategic planning ► The annual planning cycle ► Preparing individual budgets ► Cash budgets ► Master budgets ► Behavioural aspects of planning and budgeting Standard Costing and Flexible Budgeting ► Monitoring performance against plans and budgets ► Responsibility for variances ► Flexible budgets ► A standard costing system ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight individual variances ► The effect profit reconciliation system ► The variance analysis report Accounting for Capital Investment Decisions ► The long-term objectives of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types a business ► Capital investment ► Collecting data for project evaluation ► Evaluating capital investment projects ► Pros and cons of Freight the four methods ► Lump sum freight Qualitative factors in capital investment decisions Interpretation and Assessment of Financial Information ► Pro rata freight Ratios and comparative analysis ► Back freight Gross and net profit margins ► Dead freight Payment of Freight Primary performance ratios ► Party from whom freight due Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law Liquidity ratios ► Requirements Working capital efficiency ratios ► Efficiency ratios for the exercise hotel industry ► Capital structure and the risk-return relationship ► Cost-volume-profit ratios ► Value-added ratios ► Other value-added ratios ► Weaknesses of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ratio analysis Spreadsheet Applications in Accounting ► The action in rem value of spreadsheets ► The freezing injunction Arbitration Common commands and functions ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by Preparing the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects final accounts of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages theatre ► Remoteness Preparing a product cost structure ► Pricing rooms using the Xxxxxxx formula ► Graphing the revenue and cost functions of damage a travel agency ► Measure of damages Graphing a break-even chart ► Other relevant considerations Preparing a cash budget ► Examining alternative purchase options ► Comparing two hotels in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction two different market sectors Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction History of Marine Insurance ► Bottomry and respondentia ► Origins of marine insurance in the UK ► Early marine insurance in other countries ► The charter party phraseology of early policies ► Lloyd’s form of policy ► Formats used by other companies ► Legislation relating to marine insurance ► Developments since the Second World War The Principles of Marine Insurance ► Differences between faith and utmost faith ► What do we mean by ‘risk’? ► The bill function of lading contract marine insurance ► Charterers’ bills Rules of lading construction ► Utmost good faith ► Insurance intermediaries The UK and International Marine Insurance ► Lloyd’s insurers ► Insurance brokers ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract of Affreightment The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness London market ► Nature of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration Placing risk Hull Insurance ► Types of frustration hull policy ► Factors to be taken into consideration Hull underwriting ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview Analysis of the Charter Institute Time Clauses (Hulls) 1995 ► Introductory Institute voyage clauses Cargo Insurance ► What are incoterms? ► What may be insured as cargo? ► Exclusions ► Institute trade clauses ► Cargo clauses Institute cargo clauses: A, B and C Protection and Indemnity (P&I) Clubs ► Freight clauses Mutual insurance associations ► Laytime provisions ► Other clauses ► Performance The history of the charter party The Arrived Ship ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage ► Nomination of port of lading clubs ► The voyage to the loading port The Loading Operation constitution of a club ► Division Management of responsibility club ► Provision Termination of cargo cover ► Laytime ► Demurrage and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel Coverage granted by clubs ► The charter period international group of P&I clubs Salvage and General Average ► Off► ► Claims ► ► ► ► ► ► ► Salvage General average The York-hire Antwerp Rules 1994 Proximate cause Included and excluded losses Additional perils clauses Fraudulent claims Under-insurance Cross-liabilities Imitation of liability Pollution ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment What is a convention? ► Employment TOVALOP ► CRISTAL ► International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) ► Pollution liability and indemnity clause legislation ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire Dumping at sea ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment Controlling and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading preventing pollution War and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions of a Bill of Lading ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading Strikes Risks ► The waybill waterborne agreement ► The straight bill War exclusions ► War risk insurance ► Institute strikes clauses (cargo) Reinsurance ► Privity of lading ► The registry system ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules contracts ► Types of carriage covered by the rules reinsurance ► The cargoes excluded Methods of transacting reinsurance ► Period of coverage of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules An insurer’s retention ► Duties of the carrier Solvency margins ► Rights War risks and immunities of the carrier reinsurance ► Other provisions Incorporation forms of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction reinsurance Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction The International Trade ► The charter party law of comparative costs ► Origins of international trade ► The benefits of international trade ► The structure of international trade ► Economic, commercial and political factors ► Countertrade ► Trading with Eastern Europe ► Multinational companies and direct investment ► International organisations seeking to facilitate world trade ► Regional organisations seeking liberalisation Country and Buyer Risk ► Country risk ► Balance of payments ► The international monetary fund and the world bank ► Political risk ► Buyer risk ► Credit insurance The Quotation ► Delivery terms ► Calculation of the quoted export price ► Profit margin, pricing policy and delivery terms ► Credit terms ► Foreign exchange pricing Foreign Exchange ► Convertibility of currencies ► Quoting in currency, the exchange risk ► Understanding rates of exchange ► Forward exchange contracts ► Forward exchange rates, calculating forward exchange rates ► Closing out forward contracts ► Pure currency options, the wider picture ► Avoiding the spread, euro-currency markets ► Tender to contract cover Agreeing a Method of Payment ► Risks associated with the country or the buyer ► The role of the credit controller ► Types of methods of payment, methods of remittance Documentary Collections ► The bill of lading exchange ► Uniform rules for collection Documentary Credits – Obtaining the Credit ► The definition of a letter of credit ► Opening a documentary credit ► The main categories of documentary credits, types of documentary credit Documentary Credits – Securing Payment ► Examination of a credit on receipt, amending letters of credit ► The doctrine of strict compliance ► Discrepancies in presentations, the pre-presentation examination ► Action in the event of discrepancies Banker’s Guarantees (Bonds) and Indemnities ► Guarantees issued by local banks ► The exporter’s liability to the bank ► Indemnities securing the release of goods ► Bank guarantees in support of loan or overdraft facilities ► Custom clearance guarantees Finance for International Trade ► Bank finance to establish export markets – overdrafts and loans ► Bank finance from contract to payment – overdrafts and loans ► Charterers’ Credit insurance cover, bills of lading exchange ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract of Affreightment The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration ► Types of frustration ► Factors to be taken into consideration ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview of the Charter ► Introductory clauses ► Cargo clauses ► Freight clauses ► Laytime provisions Forfeiting, factoring ► Other clauses sources of finance, finance for imports Other Trading Methods ► Performance of the charter party The Arrived Ship Consignment trading ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay Joint ventures overseas ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage Pick-a-back schemes and group selling ► Nomination of port of lading ► The voyage to the loading port The Loading Operation ► Division of responsibility ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage Royalty agreements and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions of a Bill of Lading ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading ► The waybill ► The straight bill of lading ► The registry system ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules ► Types of carriage covered by the rules ► The cargoes excluded ► Period of coverage of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules ► Duties of the carrier ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:licensing

Main Topics of Study. Introduction The International Trade ► The charter party law of comparative costs ► Origins of international trade ► The benefits of international trade ► The structure of international trade ► Economic, commercial and political factors ► Countertrade ► Trading with Eastern Europe ► Multinational companies and direct investment ► International organisations seeking to facilitate world trade ► Regional organisations seeking liberalisation Country and Buyer Risk ► Country risk ► Balance of payments ► The international monetary fund and the world bank ► Political risk ► Buyer risk ► Credit insurance The Quotation ► Delivery terms ► Calculation of the quoted export price ► Profit margin, pricing policy and delivery terms ► Credit terms ► Foreign exchange pricing Foreign Exchange ► Convertibility of currencies ► Quoting in currency, the exchange risk ► Understanding rates of exchange ► Forward exchange contracts ► Forward exchange rates, calculating forward exchange rates ► Closing out forward contracts ► Pure currency options, the wider picture ► Avoiding the spread, euro-currency markets ► Tender to contract cover Agreeing a Method of Payment ► Risks associated with the country or the buyer ► The role of the credit controller ► Types of methods of payment, methods of remittance Documentary Collections ► The bill of lading exchange ► Uniform rules for collection Documentary Credits – Obtaining the Credit ► The definition of a letter of credit ► Opening a documentary credit ► The main categories of documentary credits, types of documentary credit Documentary Credits – Securing Payment ► Examination of a credit on receipt, amending letters of credit ► The doctrine of strict compliance ► Discrepancies in presentations, the pre-presentation examination ► Action in the event of discrepancies Banker’s Guarantees (Bonds) and Indemnities ► Guarantees issued by local banks ► The exporter’s liability to the bank ► Indemnities securing the release of goods ► Bank guarantees in support of loan or overdraft facilities ► Custom clearance guarantees Finance for International Trade ► Bank finance to establish export markets – overdrafts and loans ► Bank finance from contract to payment – overdrafts and loans ► Charterers’ Credit insurance cover, bills of lading exchange ► The demise charter party Implied Obligations in a Contract of Affreightment The Undertaking as to Seaworthiness ► Nature of the obligation ► Incidence of obligation ► Burden of proof ► Effect of breach Obligation for Reasonable Dispatch ► Effect of breach Obligation not to Deviate from the Agreed Route ► Justifiable deviations ► Liberty clauses ► The effect of breach The Obligation to Nominate a Safe Port ► The period covered by the warranty ► The nature of the risks covered ► The nature of the undertaking-remedies available for breach ► The scope of the undertaking The Obligation not to Ship Dangerous Goods ► Meaning of dangerous goods ► Nature of liability ► Liability under the Hague-Visby Rules ► Statutory regulation The Effect of Frustration ► Types of frustration ► Factors to be taken into consideration ► Effect of frustration The Voyage Charter Party An Overview of the Charter ► Introductory clauses ► Cargo clauses ► Freight clauses ► Laytime provisions Forfeiting, factoring ► Other clauses sources of finance, finance for imports Other Trading Methods ► Performance of the charter party The Arrived Ship Consignment trading ► Charter party provisions shifting risk of delay Joint ventures overseas ► Readiness to load or discharge The Preliminary Voyage Pick-a-back schemes and group selling ► Nomination of port of lading ► The voyage to the loading port The Loading Operation ► Division of responsibility ► Provision of cargo ► Laytime ► Demurrage Royalty agreements and damages for detention The Carrying Voyage The Discharging Operation ► Delivery The Time Charter Party General Legal Overview ► Clause describing vessel ► The charter period ► Off-hire ► Payment of hire – right to withdraw for non-payment ► Employment and indemnity clause ► Return to the vessel Description of the Vessel Period of Hire ► Specific clauses ► Effect of overlap Payment for Hire ► Payment in cash ► Payment in advance The Off-hire Clause ► Period of off-hire ► Effects of the operation of the off-hire clause Deductions from Hire Right to Withdraw Vessel for Non-payment of Hire ► Requirements for exercise of right of withdrawal ► Waiver of right to withdraw ► Possible bars to exercise of the right of withdrawal ► Effect of exercise of right to withdraw Employment and Agency Clause Redelivery of the Vessel Bills of Lading and their Functions Historical Introduction Functions of a Bill of Lading ► As receipt for goods shipped ► As evidence of the contract of carriage ► As a document of title Bills of Lading and Third parties ► Liability in tort ► Third party reliance on bill of lading terms Presentation of a Bill of Lading Problems in Presentation ► Short form bill of lading ► The waybill ► The straight bill of lading ► The registry system ► A possible practical solution Electronic Bills of Lading ► Atlantic container line datafreight system ► Electronic data exchange systems ► Bolero Switch Bills Application of the Hague-Visby Rules Application of the Rules ► Types of carriage covered by the rules ► The cargoes excluded ► Period of coverage of the rules Legal Effect of the Rules Basic Provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules ► Duties of the carrier ► Rights and immunities of the carrier ► Other provisions Incorporation of the Hague-Visby Rules in Charter Parties ► Effect of incorporation Bills of lading – Hamburg Rules ► Introduction ► Scope of application of the rules ► Basic carrier liability ► Limitation of liability ► Loss of right to limit liability ► Other provisions ► Prospects for adoption of the Hamburg Rules ► Later developments ► The CMI/UNCITRAL project Bills of Lading Issued under Charter Parties ► Where bill of lading issued to charterer ► Where bill issued to third-party shipper ► Who is the carrier? ► What are the terms of the contract? ► Where bills indorsed by xxxxxxxxx to a third party ► Shipowner’s recourse against charterer Problems of Combined Transport The Liability of the Carrier ► Locating damage or loss ► Limitation of liability ► Claims in tort ► Combined transport and documentary and credits ► Effect of transhipment ► Transhipment and documentary credits ► Multimodal Convention 1980 Exceptions Common Law Exceptions ► Act of God ► Act of the Queen’s enemies ► Inherent vice Contractual Exceptions ► Perils of the sea ► Restraint of princes ► Strikes or lockouts ► Defective packing The Hague-Visby Exceptions ► Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship ► Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier ► The catch-all exception Bars to the Exceptions ► Negligence ► Unseaworthiness ► Fundamental breach Limitation of Liability Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ► Parties covered ► Types of claim covered ► Limitation amount ► Breaking the limits Freight The Basic Obligation ► Calculation of freight ► Deductions from freight ► The effect of deviation Advance Freight Specialised Types of Freight ► Lump sum freight ► Pro rata freight ► Back freight ► Dead freight Payment of Freight ► Party from whom freight due ► Party from whom freight payable Shipowners’ Liens Liens at Common Law ► Requirements for the exercise of the common law lien for freight ► Express contractual liens ► Characteristic of contractual lien Dispute Settlement Problems of Conflicts of Laws ► Jurisdiction of the English courts ► Choice of forum ► Choice of law clause Security for Claims ► The action in rem ► The freezing injunction Arbitration ► The Arbitration Act 1996 ► Basic principles ► Types of arbitration ► Commencement of arbitration ► Appeal from arbitration award ► Other challenges to an award ► Control by the court of arbitration proceedings ► Enforcement of arbitration awards Breach of Contract Forms of Breach ► Anticipatory breach The Effects of Breach ► Conditions and warranties ► Intermediate terms ► The effects of a repudiatory breach The Action for Damages ► Remoteness of damage ► Measure of damages ► Other relevant considerations in assessing damages Remedies other than Remedies ► Specific performance ► Injunction licensing Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to: