Common use of Main Topics of Study Clause in Contracts

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports and their Functions ► The role of ports in international trade and transport ► Seaports and their functions in the twenty-first century ► The effect of globalisation on ports, logistics and distribution patterns ► Criteria used for port location ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects of Port Management ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port development ► Port planning and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management ► Importance of safety management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports Shipping and their to the Ships ► Functions of shipping ► The role of ports in international World seaborne trade and transport world fleet ► Seaports and their functions Challenges facing the shipping industry in the twenty-first century ► The effect International navigation limits ► International convention on load lines 1966 ► Types and methods of globalisation tonnage measurement ► International convention on ports, logistics and distribution patterns ► Criteria used for port location ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment tonnage measurement of ships ► Types of port ownership ships, specialised vessels and current their trades Ship Design and Construction ► Ship design and future trends Legal Aspects ► Ship productivity ► General principles and factors influencing design, type and size of Port Management ship ► Port constitutions Safety and legal framework other regulations ► Vessel lengthening ► Cruise Vessel Xxxxxxx of ownership Vessels ► National legislationDuties and responsibilities of the Master ► Ship’s officers and crew xxxxxxx ► IMO convention of standards of training ► Engagement and discharge of the crew Customs House and Ship’s Papers ► E-commerce; customs ► Value added tax ► Intrastat ► Export controls ► Customs tariff ► Customs Freight Simplified Procedures (CFSP) ► New Export System (NES) ► Unique Consignment Reference (UCR) ► Customs reliefs ► Importation and exportation of goods ► Ship’s paper ► Ship’s protest Maritime Canals and Inland Waterways ► European inland waterways ► The Suez Canal Authority ► The Kiel Canal, port laws The Panama Canal ► The St Xxxxxxxx Sea way ► The influence of canals on ship design ► Canal areas as points of economic growth Services Generated by Principal Shipping Organisations ► ISO, Intertanko, Lloyd’s Register, OECD, WTO, BIMCO, UNISTAD, Intercargo, ICS Passenger Fares and bye-laws Freight Rates ► Government's role Theory of passenger fares ► Theory of freight rates and effect of air competition on cargo traffic ► Relation between liner and tramp rates ► Relation between voyage and time charter rates ► Types of freight Liner Conferences ► Liner conference system ► Deferred rebate and contract systems ► Harmonisation conference ► The future of the liner conference system Ship Operation ► Factors to consider in financing port development Port Planning planning sailing schedules, fleet planning ► Government port development ► Port Interface between fleet planning and project planning ship survey programme ► InfrastructureRelative importance of speed, frequency, reliability, cost and quality of sea transport ► Indivisible loads ► Ship and port security Bills of Lading ► Carriage of Goods by Sea Acts 1971 and 1992 ► Types of bills of lading ► Carriage of Goods by Rail, Carriage of Goods by Road Cargoes ► Cargo stowage/operating structure packaging overview ► Joint venturesStowage of cargo ► Types of characteristics of cargo ► Cargo and container handling equipment, financing dangerous cargo The Shipping Company ► Liner organisation, tramp organisation ► Holding companies and subsidiaries ► Operational alliances ► Ship management companies ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations Ownership of vessels ► Layout, physical constraints Freight forwarders ► Chartered shipbrokers ► Future of shipbroking ► Ship’s agent ► Lloyd’s Register quality assurance Charter Parties ► Demise and terminal planning non-demise charter parties ► Flow analysis Voyage and time charter parties ► Analysis Approved forms of key environmental issues Port Ownership charter parties and related bills of lading ► Differing Voyage estimates ► Sale and purchase of ships Containerisation ► Container ships; terminals ► Container distribution ► Container types ► Non-containerisable cargo ► Features of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 containerization Seaports ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations seaports in the twenty-first century and ITF factors driving change ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, Container port health, marine safety automation ► Needs Floating terminals ► Factors influencing the shipowner’s choice of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders seaport ► Information flow Port Security Relationship between ships and ports Multi-modalism: Global Supply Chain Management and International Logistics ► Importance Factors in favour of safety multi-modalism ► Rationale for the development of multi-modalism ► Features of multi-modalism ► Multi-modalism strategy ► Global supply chain management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition logistics The International Consignment ► Market information Evaluation of transport model(s) for international consignment/s ► Delivery trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability terms of sale and the export order ► Location, vessel transit times Progress of export order and port rotation checklist Political Aspects ► Role Flag discrimination ► Flags of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion convenience ► Subsidies ► Contribution of shipping to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms invisible exports Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports and their Functions ► The role of ports in international trade and transport ► Seaports and their functions in the twenty-first century ► The effect of globalisation on ports, logistics and distribution patterns ► Criteria used for port location ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects of Port Management ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port development ► Port planning and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management ► Importance of safety management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:mechanisms

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports Marketing for Hospitality and their Functions Tourism ► Customer orientation ► What is hospitality and tourism marketing? ► Marketing in the hospitality industry ► Undesirable customers ► Marketing management ► Marketing management philosophies ► Marketing’s future ► The role Internet changes how we market hospitality products ► Great leaders Service Characteristics of ports Hospitality and Tourism Marketing ► The service culture ► Characteristics of service marketing ► Management strategies for service businesses ► Xxxx-Xxxxxxx: taking care of those who take care of customers ► Overview of service characteristics: the servuction model The Role of Marketing in international trade Strategic Planning ► Nature of high-performance businesses ► Corporate strategic planning ► A strategic look at Starbucks coffee ► Business strategy planning ► Unique challenges of the hotel industry The Marketing Environment ► The company’s micro environment ► The company’s macro environment ► Managing in uncertain times ► Popcorn’s cultural trends ► Linked environmental factors ► Responding to the marketing environment Marketing Information Systems and transport Marketing Research ► Seaports The marketing information system ► A ‘questionable’ questionnaire ► Research problem areas ► The Internet: a great source of marketing information ► Marketing research in small business ► Marketing research in smaller organisations Consumer Markets and their functions Consumer Buying Behaviour ► A model of consumer behaviour ► Personal characteristics affecting consumer behaviour ► Senior consumers ► The San Diego Padres baseball club ► The buyer decision process ► Unique aspects of hospitality and travel consumers Organisational Behaviour of Group Market ► The organisational buying process ► Participants in the twenty-first century organisational buying process ► Major influences on organisational buyers ► Organisational buying decisions ► Group business markets ► Dealing with meeting planners ► The effect of globalisation on portscorporate account and corporate travel manager Market Segmentation, logistics Targeting and distribution patterns Positioning ► Criteria used for port location Markets ► Access, flexibility Market segmentation ► Jollibee: a regional fast food chain ► Targeting families by targeting kids ► Market targeting ► ‘Elite-napping’ the business traveller ► Market positioning ► Airline positioning: southwest airlines Designing and interface with other transport modes Managing Products ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment What is a product? ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects of Port Management Product levels ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership Augmented product ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws Brand decisions ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port New product development ► Port planning The national food laboratory helps restaurants develop new products and project planning improve existing products ► Infrastructure/operating structure Restaurants and hotels develop new product ideas ► Joint venturesProduct development through acquisition ► Product life cycle strategies Internal Marketing ► Internal marketing ► When employee communications go against customer expectations ► The internal marketing process ► Non-routine transactions Building Customer Loyalty through Quality ► Defining customer value and satisfaction ► Tracking customer satisfaction ► Relationship marketing ► Retaining customers ► The link between marketing and quality ► What is quality? ► Benefits of service quality ► Developing a service quality program ► The five-gap model of service quality ► Forecasting market demand Pricing Products: Pricing Considerations, financing Approaches and Strategy ► Price ► Factors to consider when setting prices ► Aspen skiing company knows out-of-state visitors are less price sensitive ► General pricing approaches ► Pricing strategies ► Segmented pricing: the right product to the right customer at the right time for the right price ► Price fixing ► Other pricing considerations ► Price changes ► The Internet makes it easy for customers to find price information Distribution Channels ► Nature and importance of distribution systems ► Nature of distribution channels ► Marketing intermediaries ► Top ten ideas for working with travel agents ► Channel behaviour and the organisation ► The Hilton model ► Restaurant franchising ► Selecting channel members ► Responsibilities of channel members and suppliers ► Business location Promoting Products: Communication and Promotion Policy and Advertising ► The communication process ► Thank you – a great personal communication ► Establishing the total marketing communications budget ► Managing and coordinating integrated marketing communications ► Southwest airlines ► Manage the integrated marketing communication process ► Advertising ► How does an advertising agency work? ► Major decisions in advertising ► Association advertising Promoting Products: Public Relations and Sales Promotion ► Public relations ► Taco Bell provided example of creative publicity ► Major activities of PR departments ► Publicity ► Singapore Suntec centre ► The public relations process ► Major tools in marketing PR ► Public relations opportunities for the hospitality industry ► Crisis management ► Berth occupancySales promotion ► Local store marketing Electronic Marketing: Internet Marketing, service timeDatabase Marketing, waiting time, capacity calculations and Direct Marketing ► Layout, physical constraints Internet marketing ► Using the web to market tourism destinations ► Web site development ► Business-to-business e-commerce ► Developing a marketing database system ► Using your database for customer research: defining the power of your loyal customers ► Gazelle systems brings database marketing to restaurants ► Manhattan East Suite hotels gives customers what they want before they ask ► Direct marketing Professional Sales ► Management of professional sales ► Nature of hospitality sales ► Sales force objectives ► Sales force structure and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement Organising the sales department ► Relationship marketing and materials management Port Management 1 strategic alliances ► Structure Recruiting and training a professional sales force ► Organisation Managing the sales force Destination Marketing ► The globalisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management the tourist industry ► Importance of safety management tourism to a destination’s economy ► Prevention Stop the brutal marketing ► Tourism strategies and investments ► Gambling on central city ► Segmenting and monitoring the tourist market ► Maryland office of terrorism tourism development case study ► Illegal immigration, theft Communicating with the tourist market ► Organising and smuggling Port Competition managing tourism marketing ► National tourism organisations: how they work Next Year’s Marketing Plan Purpose of a Marketing Plan ► Section I: executive summary ► Section II: corporate connection ► Section III: environmental analysis and Marketing forecasting ► Nature of national Section IV: segmentation and international port competition targeting ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability Section V: next year’s objectives and quotas ► Location, vessel transit times Section VI: action plans: strategies and port rotation tactics Pricing Strategy ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion Section VII: resources needed to potential users support strategies and meet objectives ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing Section VIII: marketing control ► Nature Section IX: presenting and type of port charges selling the plan ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms Section X: preparing for the future Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports and their Functions The Ship ► The role number and classification of ships ► Parts of the ships ► Ship stresses and stability ► Markings on the ship ► Tonnage Types of Ships ► Passenger ships ► General cargo ships ► Container ships ► Barge-carrying ships and ro/ro ships ► Bulk carriers ► Specialist ships ► Types of engines ► Trends in ship types ► The economics of ship size ► The economics of speed The Crew ► Typical duties of those on board ► Reductions in crew size ► International crews ► Regulating crew size ► Crew recruitment and training ► Pay and conditions ► Industrial relations Navigation ► Whose responsibility is this? ► The choice of route ► The ship's navigational hardware ► Communications at sea Types of Cargo ► Pre-shipment planning ► The stowage plan ► Stowage and discharge ► The care of cargo during the voyage ► Stuffing containers ► Bulk cargo ► Dangerous cargoes ► Deck cargo ► The theory of trade Costs and Freight Rates ► Cost classification ► The daily running cost (DRS) ► Propulsion, cargo-handling and other port costs ► Freight rates World Tonnage ► What determines the supply of shipping? ► The growth of national merchant fleets ► Reasons for encouraging and sustaining national fleets ► Maritime policy ► Flags of convenience Shipping Finance ► The operating profit ► Equity ► Debt Charters ► Different ways of chartering a ship ► Standard forms for charters ► Voyage estimating ► How shipowners get 'offers' for their vessels ► Arbitration in charter party disputes ► The tanker market and chartering The Liner Market ► Typical company organisation ► Marketing ► Consortia, alliances and conferences ► Logistics and/or intermodal transport Safety ► Spheres of risk ► The economics of safety ► Marine insurance ► Salvage ► Safety and environmental issues Documentation ► The bill of lading (B/L) ► Economic and operational problems of documentation ► Incoterms ► Ship's documents ► Customs Ports ► Port development ► Classification of ports in international trade and transport ► Seaports and their functions in the twenty-first century ► The effect of globalisation on ports, logistics and distribution patterns ► Criteria used for port location ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects ► Time spent in port (cargo-handling) ► Number of Port Management berths needed in ports ► Comparing the various types of berth ► Alternatives to formal port systems ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port development labour ► Port planning management and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment administration ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management ► Importance of safety management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms Ship canals Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction The Foundations of Economics ► The economic problem: scarcity choice and opportunity cost ► Production possibility and utility ► Microeconomics and macroeconomics ► Alternative economic systems ► Growth and sustainable development Microeconomics: The Theory of Price Determination ► Demand ► Supply ► Market equilibrium, the price mechanism and market efficiency ► Concept of elasticity ► Indirect taxes, subsidies and price controls Microeconomics: Costs and Revenues ► Short and long run costs ► The scale of production and economies of scale ► Average, marginal and total revenues ► Profit theory ► Perfect competition: the short and long run ► Productive and allocative efficiency Microeconomics: Imperfect Markets ► Monopoly, sources and profit maximisation ► Comparison of perfect competition and monopoly ► Advantages and disadvantages of monopoly ► Monopolistic competition ► Oligopoly, sources, collusive activity and non-price competition ► Price discrimination Microeconomics: Market Failure ► Public goods and merit goods ► Externalities ► Sustainability and government response ► Imperfect information and imperfect competition Macroeconomics: The Level of Economic Activity ► The circular flow of income, leakages and injections ► The measurement of national income ► Limitations of national income data ► The business cycle ► Aggregate demand and its components ► Government policies affecting aggregate demand (fiscal and monetary) ► Aggregate supply in the short and long run ► Supply side policies Macroeconomics: Equilibrium, Employment and Inflation ► Short and long run equilibrium ► The multiplier effect ► The measurement and costs of unemployment ► Causes of unemployment ► Solutions to Ports unemployment ► Measurement and their Functions costs of inflation and deflation ► Demand pull and cost push inflation ► Reducing inflation ► The inflation-unemployment trade off Macroeconomics: Growth and Equity ► Definition of economic growth ► Consequences of growth ► The distribution of national income ► Taxation and income distribution International Economics: Trade ► Why countries trade ► The principle of free trade. Absolute and comparative advantage ► The world trade organisation ► The arguments for and against protection ► Types of protection ► Economic integration and trade blocs ► The terms of trade International Economics International Monetary Issues ► Exchange rate determination ► Fixed, floating and managed exchange rate systems ► The balance of payments, current, capital and financial account ► Balance of payments and the exchange rate ► Correcting a current account deficit Development Economics ► Sources of growth and economic development ► Characteristics and diversity of developing countries ► Measuring development ► Domestic factors affecting development ► International trade and development ► The role of ports in international trade foreign direct investment ► Aid, debt and transport ► Seaports and their functions in the twenty-first century ► The effect of globalisation on ports, logistics and distribution patterns ► Criteria used for port location ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects of Port Management ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port development ► Port planning Market aid and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management ► Importance of safety management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms interventionist strategies Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction The Approach to Ports and their Functions Economics ► The role definition and meaning of ports in international trade economics ► Scarcity and transport choice ► Seaports The importance of marginal analysis ► Capital and their functions income ► The business firm ► The financial features of businesses ► Business perspectives The Market ► The market system ► Market stability ► Government controls ► Change in the twentymarket ► Changes in demand ► Changes in supply ► Market changes in practice ► Short-first century term and long-term effects of change in demand ► The effect Short-term and long-term effects of globalisation on ports, logistics a change in supply ► Elasticity and distribution patterns its application ► Criteria used Applying supply and demand ► Implications for port location Management Economic Trends Affecting the Hospitality Industry ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes Defining the economy ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment Measuring the economy ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects of Port Management ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws ► Government's role Measuring changes in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port development ► Port planning and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment output ► Trends in vessels the economy ► Economic growth ► Reasons for economic growth ► Structural change in the economy ► Economic trends and cargo handling the hospitality industry ► Vessel size Time, cost and economic change ► Procurement Economic growth and materials household changes ► Economic growth and the hospitality industry Structural Change in the Accommodation, Food and Drink Sectors ► A note on spending and income ► The accommodation sector ► The eating out sector ► The drinks sector ► Contract services Macroeconomic Fluctuations and the Hospitality Industry ► Boom follows slump follows boom: stages of the macroeconomic cycle ► Aggregate demand and supply ► Why fluctuations in output occur ► Government macroeconomic policy ► Views on macroeconomic policy ► The impact of the macroeconomy on the hospitality industry ► Predicting macroeconomic changes ► Implications for management Port Management 1 The Hospitality Industry and the Local Economy ► Tourism life cycle and local development ► Multiplier analysis of the local impact of tourism ► The multiplier process ► Multiplier studies Costs and Market Structure ► Organisation Market structure ► Economies of activities performance measurement scale and scope and experience ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. Sources of economies of scale and scope ► Avoidance Economies of congestion Port Management 2 scale and scope in the hospitality industry Market Structure and Market Control ► Role Pricing for profit ► Comparing monopoly and competition ► Dominant firms and oligopolies ► Market structure and social efficiency ► Government control of trade unions, monopolies Strategic Product Development and Delivery ► Goods and services ► Costs of production ► Planning the production of hospitality services ► Production planning in a changing environment ► Service quality Business Operations ► Efficient production ► Use of labour organisations ► Investment decisions ► Organising production: the economic role of firms Business Development ► Risks and ITF financial requirements of a business during development ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety Vertical integration ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders Mergers ► Information flow Port Security Management Franchising: solution for a dispersion market ► Importance of safety Internationalisation Pricing and Product Development ► Strategic development and pricing ► Pricing methods for hospitality services ► Differential pricing for demand management ► Prevention Price discrimination ► Load pricing ► Application of terrorism differential pricing ► Illegal immigration, theft Hotel occupancy and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. capacity utilisation ► Pricing policy in special situations Maintaining and mechanisms Developing Your Economic Skills ► Effect of competition on pricing policy An analytical framework ► Demand influences Planning reading ► Regulatory mechanisms Reading the industry literature Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports Shipping ► Sea transport and their Functions the global economy ► The origins of sea trade, 3000 BC to AD 1450 ► The global economy in the fifteenth century ► Opening up global trade and commerce, 1450-1833 ► Liner and tramp shipping, 1833-1950 ► Container, bulk and air transport, 1950-2006 ► Lessons from 5,000 years of commercial shipping The Organization of the Shipping Market ► Overview of the maritime industry ► The International transport industry ► Characteristics of sea transport demand ► The sea transport system ► The world merchant fleet ► The cost of sea transport ► The role of ports in international trade the transport system ► The shipping companies that run the business ► The role of governments in shipping Shipping Market Economics ► Shipping market cycles ► Introducing the shipping cycle ► Characteristics of shipping market cycles ► Shipping cycles and shipping risk ► Overview of shipping cycles, 1741-1869 ► Tramp market cycles and shipping risk ► Overview of shipping cycles, 1741-2007 ► Sailing ship cycles, 1741-1869 ► Tramp market cycles, 1869-1936 ► Bulk shipping market cycles, 1945-2008 ► Lessons from two centuries of cycles ► Prediction of shipping cycles Supply, Demand and Freight Rates ► The shipping market model ► Key influences on supply and demand ► The demand for sea transport ► Seaports The supply of sea transport ► The freight rate mechanism The Four Shipping Markets ► The decisions facing shipowners ► The four shipping markets ► The freight market ► The freight derivatives market ► The sale and their functions purchase market ► The new building market ► The demolition (recycling) market Shipping Company Economics ► Costs, revenue and cashflow ► Cashflow and the art of survival ► Financial performance and investment strategy ► The costs of running ships ► The capital cost of the ship ► The revenue the ship earns ► Shipping accounts, the framework for decisions ► Four methods of computing the cashflow ► Valuing merchant ships Financing Ships and Shipping Companies ► Ship finance and shipping economics ► How ships have been financed in the twenty-first century past ► The effect world financial system and types of globalisation on portsfinance ► Financing ships with private funds ► Financing ships with bank loans ► Financing ships and shipping companies in the capital markets ► Financing ships with special purpose companies ► Analysing risk in ship finance ► Dealing with default Risk, logistics Return and distribution patterns Shipping Company Economics ► Criteria used The performance of shipping investments ► The shipping company investment model ► Competition theory and the ‘normal’ profit ► Pricing shipping risk Seaborne Trade and Transport Systems ► The geography of maritime trade ► The value added by seaborne transport ► Oceans, distances and transit times ► The maritime trading network ► Europe’s seaborne trade ► North America’s seaborne trade, South America’s seaborne trade ► Asia’s seaborne trade, Africa’s seaborne trade ► The seaborne trade of the Middle East, Central Asia and Russia ► The trade of Australia and Oceania The Principles of Maritime Trade ► The building-blocks of sea trade ► The countries that trade by sea ► Why countries trade ► Differences in production costs ► Trade due to differences in natural resources ► Commodity trade cycles ► The role of sea transport trade The Transport of Bulk Cargoes ► The commercial origins of bulk shipping ► The bulk fleet ► The bulk trades ► The principles of bulk transport ► Practical aspects of bulk transport ► Liquid bulk transport ► The crude oil trade ► The oil products trade ► The major dry bulk trades ► The minor bulk trades The Transport of Specialised Cargoes ► Introduction to specialised shipping ► The sea transport of chemicals ► The liquefied petroleum gas trade ► The liquefied natural gas trade ► The transport of refrigerated cargo ► Unit load cargo transport ► Passenger shipping The Transport of General Cargo ► The origins of the liner operation ► Economic principles of liner operation ► General cargo and liner transport demand ► The liner shipping routes ► The liner companies ► The liner fleet ► The principles of liner service economics ► Pricing liner services ► Liner conferences and cooperative agreements ► Container ports and terminals The Merchant Fleet and Transport Supply ► The ships that provide the transport ► What type of ship? ► Seven questions that define a design ► Ships for the general cargo trades ► Ships for the dry bulk trades ► Ships for liquid bulk cargoes ► Gas tankers ► Non-cargo ships ► Economics criteria for evaluating ship designs The Regulation of the Maritime Industry ► How regulations affect maritime economics ► Overview of the regulatory system ► The classification societies ► The law of the sea ► The regulatory role of the flag state ► How maritime laws are made ► The international maritime organisation ► The international labour organisation ► The regulatory role of the coastal and port location states ► Access, flexibility The regulation of competition in shipping Maritime Forecasting and interface with other transport modes Market Research ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment The approach to maritime forecasting ► Types Key elements of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects of Port Management the forecast ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership Preparing for the forecast ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws Market forecasting methodologies ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning Market research methodology ► Government port development Freight rate forecasting ► Port planning and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow Developing a scenario analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review Analytical techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management ► Importance of safety management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms Forecasting problems Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to:

Main Topics of Study. Introduction to Ports and their Functions The Ship ► The role number and classification of ships ► Parts of the ships ► Ship stresses and stability ► Markings on the ship ► Tonnage Types of Ships ► Passenger ships ► General cargo ships ► Container ships ► Barge-carrying ships and ro/ro ships ► Bulk carriers ► Specialist ships ► Types of engines ► Trends in ship types ► The economics of ship size ► The economics of speed The Crew ► Typical duties of those on board ► Reductions in crew size ► International crews ► Regulating crew size ► Crew recruitment and training ► Pay and conditions ► Industrial relations Navigation ► Whose responsibility is this? ► The choice of route ► The ship's navigational hardware ► Communications at sea Types of Cargo ► Pre-shipment planning Maritime Management 31 ► The stowage plan ► Stowage and discharge ► The care of cargo during the voyage ► Stuffing containers ► Bulk cargo ► Dangerous cargoes ► Deck cargo ► The theory of trade Costs and Freight Rates ► Cost classification ► The daily running cost (DRS) ► Propulsion, cargo-handling and other port costs ► Freight rates World Tonnage ► What determines the supply of shipping? ► The growth of national merchant fleets ► Reasons for encouraging and sustaining national fleets ► Maritime policy ► Flags of convenience Shipping Finance ► The operating profit ► Equity ► Debt Charters ► Different ways of chartering a ship ► Standard forms for charters ► Voyage estimating ► How shipowners get 'offers' for their vessels ► Arbitration in charter party disputes ► The tanker market and chartering The Liner Market ► Typical company organisation ► Marketing ► Consortia, alliances and conferences ► Logistics and/or intermodal transport Safety ► Spheres of risk ► The economics of safety ► Marine insurance ► Salvage ► Safety and environmental issues Documentation ► The bill of lading (B/L) ► Economic and operational problems of documentation ► Incoterms ► Ship's documents ► Customs Ports ► Port development ► Classification of ports in international trade and transport ► Seaports and their functions in the twenty-first century ► The effect of globalisation on ports, logistics and distribution patterns ► Criteria used for port location ► Access, flexibility and interface with other transport modes ► Hub ports; feeder transhipment ► Types of port ownership and current trends Legal Aspects ► Time spent in port (cargo-handling) ► Number of Port Management berths needed in ports ► Comparing the various types of berth ► Alternatives to formal port systems ► Port constitutions and legal framework of ownership ► National legislation, port laws and bye-laws ► Government's role in financing port development Port Planning ► Government port development labour ► Port planning management and project planning ► Infrastructure/operating structure ► Joint ventures, financing and management ► Berth occupancy, service time, waiting time, capacity calculations ► Layout, physical constraints and terminal planning ► Flow analysis ► Analysis of key environmental issues Port Ownership ► Differing types of ownership in the public and private sectors ► Deregulation ► Methods of privatisation; sale of shares, management buyouts ► Lease contract and joint ventures Finance of Port Operations ► Budgeting ► Control of capital and revenue expenditure ► Project evaluation and review techniques ► Capital investment appraisal ► Analysis and monitoring of direct and indirect costs ► Analysis of performance ► Appraisal of finance and economics of port proposals and traffic forecasting Port Equipment administration ► Port buildings ► Large handling equipment ► Trends in vessels and cargo handling ► Vessel size ► Procurement and materials management Port Management 1 ► Structure ► Organisation of activities performance measurement ► Marine operations – conservancy, dredging, navigation aids etc. ► Avoidance of congestion Port Management 2 ► Role of trade unions, labour organisations and ITF ► Statutory bodies. customs, immigration, port health, marine safety ► Needs of port users, owners, operators, agents, forwarders ► Information flow Port Security Management ► Importance of safety management ► Prevention of terrorism ► Illegal immigration, theft and smuggling Port Competition and Marketing ► Nature of national and international port competition ► Market information trade growth, vessel development, commercial needs, financial viability ► Location, vessel transit times and port rotation ► Role of shipowners/operators, shippers, receivers, freight contractors, forwarders promotion to potential users ► Impact of inland transportation Port Pricing ► Nature and type of port charges ► Cost factors in pricing, infrastructure, navigation services, equipment, staff and labour etc. ► Pricing policy and mechanisms ► Effect of competition on pricing policy ► Demand influences ► Regulatory mechanisms Ship canals Learning Outcomes for the Unit: At the end of this Unit, students will be able to: