Determination of Pass-Through Rates for COFI Certificates The Pass-Through Rate for each Class of COFI Certificates for each Interest Accrual Period after the initial Interest Accrual Period shall be determined by the Trustee as provided below on the basis of the Index and the applicable formulae appearing in footnotes corresponding to the COFI Certificates in the table relating to the Certificates in the Preliminary Statement. Except as provided below, with respect to each Interest Accrual Period following the initial Interest Accrual Period, the Trustee shall not later than two Business Days prior to such Interest Accrual Period but following the publication of the applicable Index determine the Pass-Through Rate at which interest shall accrue in respect of the COFI Certificates during the related Interest Accrual Period. Except as provided below, the Index to be used in determining the respective Pass-Through Rates for the COFI Certificates for a particular Interest Accrual Period shall be COFI for the second calendar month preceding the Outside Reference Date for such Interest Accrual Period. If at the Outside Reference Date for any Interest Accrual Period, COFI for the second calendar month preceding such Outside Reference Date has not been published, the Trustee shall use COFI for the third calendar month preceding such Outside Reference Date. If COFI for neither the second nor third calendar months preceding any Outside Reference Date has been published on or before the related Outside Reference Date, the Index for such Interest Accrual Period and for all subsequent Interest Accrual Periods shall be the National Cost of Funds Index for the third calendar month preceding such Interest Accrual Period (or the fourth preceding calendar month if such National Cost of Funds Index for the third preceding calendar month has not been published by such Outside Reference Date). In the event that the National Cost of Funds Index for neither the third nor fourth calendar months preceding an Interest Accrual Period has been published on or before the related Outside Reference Date, then for such Interest Accrual Period and for each succeeding Interest Accrual Period, the Index shall be LIBOR, determined in the manner set forth below. With respect to any Interest Accrual Period for which the applicable Index is LIBOR, LIBOR for such Interest Accrual Period will be established by the Trustee on the related Interest Determination Date as provided in Section 4.08. In determining LIBOR and any Pass-Through Rate for the COFI Certificates or any Reserve Interest Rate, the Trustee may conclusively rely and shall be protected in relying upon the offered quotations (whether written, oral or on the Reuters Screen) from the Reference Banks or the New York City banks as to LIBOR or the Reserve Interest Rate, as appropriate, in effect from time to time. The Trustee shall not have any liability or responsibility to any Person for (i) the Trustee's selection of New York City banks for purposes of determining any Reserve Interest Rate or (ii) its inability, following a good-faith reasonable effort, to obtain such quotations from the Reference Banks or the New York City banks or to determine such arithmetic mean, all as provided for in this Section 4.07. The establishment of LIBOR and each Pass-Through Rate for the COFI Certificates by the Trustee shall (in the absence of manifest error) be final, conclusive and binding upon each Holder of a Certificate and the Trustee.
Payments and Statements to Certificateholders Remic Administration Section 5.01 Distributions On each Distribution Date, based solely on the information in the Servicer's Certificate, the Trustee shall distribute out of the Certificate Account (to the extent funds are available therein) to each Certificateholder of record on the related Record Date (other than as provided in Section 10.01 respecting the final distribution) (a) by check mailed to such Certificateholder entitled to receive a distribution on such Distribution Date at the address appearing in the Certificate Register, or (b) upon written request by the Holder of a Regular Certificate or a Class A-PO Certificate, by wire transfer or by such other means of payment as such Certificateholder and the Trustee shall agree upon, such Certificateholder's Percentage Interest in the amount to which the related Class of Certificates is entitled in accordance with the priorities set forth below in Section 5.02; provided, however, that distributions of principal to the Special Retail Certificates shall be made as described in Section 5.09. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the distribution to the Holders of the Class SES Certificates shall be reduced by the amount of the Class SES Compensating Interest for such Distribution Date. None of the Holders of any Class of Certificates, the Depositor, the Servicer or the Trustee shall in any way be responsible or liable to Holders of any Class of Certificates in respect of amounts properly previously distributed on any such Class. Amounts distributed with respect to any Class of Certificates (other than any Ancillary Income distributed with respect to the Class SES Certificates) shall be applied first to the distribution of interest thereon and then to principal thereon.
Transfer of Servicing Between Master Servicer and Special Servicer; Record Keeping (a) Upon determining that any Serviced Loan has become a Specially Serviced Loan, the Master Servicer shall promptly give written notice thereof to the Special Servicer, any related Serviced Companion Loan Holder (in the case of a Serviced Loan Combination), the Operating Advisor, the Certificate Administrator, the Trustee, the related Directing Holder (prior to the occurrence and continuance of a Consultation Termination Event with respect to the related Mortgage Loan) and, for posting to the Rule 17g-5 Information Provider’s Website pursuant to Section 12.13 of this Agreement, the Rule 17g-5 Information Provider and shall promptly deliver a copy of the Servicing File to the Special Servicer and concurrently provide a copy of such Servicing File to the Operating Advisor and shall use its reasonable efforts to provide the Special Servicer with all information, documents (but excluding the original documents constituting the Mortgage File, but including copies thereof) and records (including records stored electronically on computer tapes, magnetic discs and the like) relating to such Serviced Loan and reasonably requested by the Special Servicer to enable it to assume its duties hereunder with respect thereto without acting through a Sub-Servicer. The Master Servicer shall use its reasonable efforts to comply with the preceding sentence within five (5) Business Days of the date such Serviced Loan became a Specially Serviced Loan and in any event shall continue to act as Master Servicer and administrator of such Serviced Loan until the Special Servicer has commenced the servicing of such Serviced Loan, which shall occur upon the receipt by the Special Servicer of the Servicing File. With respect to each such Serviced Loan that becomes a Specially Serviced Loan, the Master Servicer shall instruct the related Mortgagor to continue to remit all payments in respect of such Serviced Loan to the Master Servicer. The Master Servicer shall forward any notices it would otherwise send to the Mortgagor of such a Specially Serviced Loan to the Special Servicer who shall send such notice to the related Mortgagor. Upon determining that a Specially Serviced Loan has become a Corrected Loan, the Special Servicer shall promptly give written notice thereof to the Master Servicer, the Trustee, the Operating Advisor, the Certificate Administrator, any related Serviced Companion Loan Holder, the related Directing Holder (prior to the occurrence and continuance of a Consultation Termination Event with respect to the related Mortgage Loan) and, for posting to the Rule 17g-5 Information Provider’s Website pursuant to Section 12.13 of this Agreement, the Rule 17g-5 Information Provider and, upon giving such notice and the return of the Servicing File to the Master Servicer, such Serviced Loan shall cease to be a Specially Serviced Loan in accordance with the first proviso of the definition of Specially Serviced Loans, the Special Servicer’s obligation to service such Serviced Loan shall terminate and the obligations of the Master Servicer to service and administer such Serviced Loan as a Serviced Loan that is not a Specially Serviced Loan shall resume. In addition, if the related Mortgagor has been instructed, pursuant to the preceding paragraph, to make payments to the Special Servicer, upon such determination, the Special Servicer shall instruct the related Mortgagor to remit all payments in respect of such Specially Serviced Loan directly to the Master Servicer. (b) In servicing any Specially Serviced Loan, the Special Servicer shall provide to the Custodian originals of documents included within the definition of “Mortgage File” for inclusion in the related Mortgage File (to the extent such documents are in the possession of the Special Servicer) and copies of any additional related Serviced Loan information, including correspondence with the related Mortgagor, and the Special Servicer shall promptly provide copies of all of the foregoing to the Master Servicer as well as copies of any analysis or internal review prepared by or for the benefit of the Special Servicer. (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this Section 3.22, the Master Servicer shall maintain ongoing payment records with respect to each of the Specially Serviced Loans and, upon request, shall provide the Special Servicer and the Operating Advisor with any information reasonably required by the Special Servicer or the Operating Advisor to perform its duties under this Agreement to the extent such information is within the Master Servicer’s possession. Upon request, the Special Servicer shall provide the Master Servicer and the Operating Advisor with any information reasonably required by the Master Servicer or the Operating Advisor to perform its duties under this Agreement to the extent such information is within the Special Servicer’s possession.
Supplemental Agreements Without Consent of Applicable Certificateholders Without limitation of Section 9.01 of the Basic Agreement, under the terms of, and subject to the limitations contained in, Section 9.01 of the Basic Agreement, the Company may (but will not be required to), and the Trustee (subject to Section 9.03 of the Basic Agreement) shall, at the Company’s request, at any time and from time to time: (i) Enter into one or more agreements supplemental to the Escrow Agreement, the NPA or the Deposit Agreement for any of the purposes set forth in clauses (1) through (9) of such Section 9.01, and (without limitation of the foregoing or Section 9.01 of the Basic Agreement) (a) clauses (2) and (3) of such Section 9.01 shall also be deemed to include the Company’s obligations under (in the case of clause (2)), and the Company’s rights and powers conferred by (in the case of clause (3)), the NPA, and (b) references in clauses (4), (6) and (7) of such Section 9.01 to “any Intercreditor Agreement or any Liquidity Facility” shall also be deemed to refer to “the Intercreditor Agreement, the Liquidity Facility, the Escrow Agreement, the NPA or the Deposit Agreement”, (ii) Enter into one or more agreements supplemental to the Agreement, the Intercreditor Agreement or the NPA to provide for the formation of one or more Additional Trusts, the issuance of Additional Certificates, the purchase by an Additional Trust (if any) of applicable Additional Equipment Notes and other matters incidental thereto or otherwise contemplated by Section 2.01(b) of the Basic Agreement, subject to the provisions of Section 4(a)(vi) of the NPA and Section 9.1(d) of the Intercreditor Agreement, and (iii) Enter into one or more agreements supplemental to the Agreement to provide for the formation of one or more Refinancing Trusts, the issuance of Refinancing Certificates, the purchase by any Refinancing Trust of applicable Refinancing Equipment Notes and other matters incidental thereto or as otherwise contemplated by Section 2.01(b) of the Basic Agreement, subject to the provisions of Section 4(a)(vi) of the NPA and Section 9.1(c) of the Intercreditor Agreement.
Accounting and Reports to the Certificateholders, the Internal Revenue Service and Others The Administrator shall deliver to each Certificateholder, as may be required by the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations, or as may be requested by such Certificateholder, such information, reports or statements as may be necessary to enable each Certificateholder to prepare its federal and state income tax returns. Consistent with the Trust’s characterization for tax purposes as a disregarded entity so long as the Depositor or any other Person is the sole Certificateholder, no federal income tax return shall be filed on behalf of the Trust unless either (i) the Owner Trustee shall be provided with an Opinion of Counsel that, based on a change in applicable law occurring after the date hereof, or as a result of a transfer permitted by Section 3.04, the Code requires such a filing or (ii) the Internal Revenue Service shall determine that the Trust is required to file such a return. In the event that there shall be two or more beneficial owners of the Trust, the Administrator shall inform the Indenture Trustee in writing of such event, (x) the Administrator shall prepare or shall cause to be prepared federal and, if applicable, state or local partnership tax returns, with all such necessary information provided to it, required to be filed by the Trust and shall remit such returns to the Depositor (or if the Depositor no longer owns any Certificates, the Certificateholder designated for such purpose by the Depositor to the Owner Trustee in writing) at least (5) days before such returns are due to be filed, and (y) capital accounts shall be maintained by the Administrator for each Certificateholder in accordance with the Treasury Regulations under Section 704(b) of the Code reflecting each such Certificateholder’s share of the income, gains, deductions, and losses of the Trust and/or guaranteed payments made by the Trust and contributions to, and distributions from, the Trust. The Depositor (or such designee Certificateholder, as applicable) shall promptly sign such returns and deliver such returns after signature to the Administrator and such returns shall be filed by the Administrator with the appropriate tax authorities. In the event that a “tax matters partner” (within the meaning of Code Section 6231(a)(7)) is required to be appointed with respect to the Trust, the Depositor or its designee is hereby designated as tax matters partner or, if the Depositor is not a Certificateholder, the Certificateholder selected by a majority of the Certificateholders (by Percentage Interest) shall be designated as tax matters partner. In no event shall the Certificateholder or the Depositor (or such designee Certificateholder, as applicable) be liable for any liabilities, costs or expenses of the Trust or the Noteholders arising out of the application of any tax law, including federal, state, foreign or local income or excise taxes or any other tax imposed on or measured by income (or any interest, penalty or addition with respect thereto or arising from a failure to comply therewith) except for any such liability, cost or expense attributable to any negligent act or omission by the Owner Trustee or the Depositor (or such designee Certificateholder, as applicable), as the case may be, in breach of its obligations under this Agreement.
Distributions Statements to Certificateholders Certificate Account and Special Payments Account................28 Section 4.02. Distributions from Certificate Account and Special Payments Account.........................................................28 Section 4.03. Statements to Certificateholders................................30 Section 4.04. Investment of Special Payment Moneys............................31 ARTICLE V THE COMPANY
Accounting and Reports to the Noteholders, Certificateholders, the Internal Revenue Service and Others The Owner Trustee shall, based on information provided by the Seller, (i) maintain (or cause to be maintained) the books of the Trust on the basis of a fiscal year ending on the last day of February and based on the accrual method of accounting, (ii) deliver to each Certificateholder, as may be required by the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations, such information as may be required (including Schedule K-1) to enable such Certificateholder to prepare its federal and State income tax returns, (iii) file such tax returns relating to the Trust (including a partnership information return, IRS Form 1065) and make such elections as may from time to time be required or appropriate under any applicable State or federal statute or rule or regulation thereunder so as to maintain the Trust’s characterization as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, (iv) cause such tax returns to be signed in the manner required by law and (v) collect or cause to be collected any withholding tax as described in and in accordance with Section 5.2(c) with respect to income or distributions to Certificateholders. The Owner Trustee, on behalf of the Trust, shall elect under Section 1278 of the Code to include in income currently any market discount that accrues with respect to the Receivables. The Owner Trustee, on behalf of the Trust, shall not make the election provided under Section 754 of the Code. The Owner Trustee may satisfy its obligations with respect to this Section 5.5 by retaining, on behalf of the Trust, at the expense of the Seller, a firm of independent public accountants (the “Accountants”) selected by the Seller. The Owner Trustee, on behalf of the Trust, may require the Accountants to provide to the Owner Trustee, on or before March 15, 2023, a letter in form and substance satisfactory to the Owner Trustee as to whether any federal tax withholding on Certificates is then required and, if required, the procedures to be followed with respect thereto to comply with the requirements of the Code. The Accountants shall be required to update such letter in each instance that any additional tax withholding is subsequently required or any previously required tax withholding shall no longer be required. The Owner Trustee shall be deemed to have discharged its obligations pursuant to this Section 5.5 upon its retention of the Accountants, and the Owner Trustee shall not have any liability with respect to the default or misconduct of the Accountants.
Federal Information Returns and Reports to Certificateholders; REMIC Administration (a) For federal income tax purposes, the taxable year of each of REMIC I, REMIC II and REMIC III shall be a calendar year and the Securities Administrator shall maintain or cause the maintenance of the books of each such REMIC on the accrual method of accounting. (b) The Securities Administrator shall prepare and file or cause to be filed with the Internal Revenue Service, and the Trustee shall sign, Federal tax information returns or elections required to be made hereunder with respect to each of REMIC I, REMIC II and REMIC III, the Trust Fund, if applicable, and the Certificates containing such information and at the times and in the manner as may be required by the Code or applicable Treasury regulations, and shall furnish to each Holder of Certificates at any time during the calendar year for which such returns or reports are made such statements or information at the times and in the manner as may be required thereby, including, without limitation, reports relating to interest, original issue discount and market discount or premium (using a constant prepayment assumption of 25% CPR). The Securities Administrator will apply for an Employee Identification Number from the IRS under Form SS-4 or any other acceptable method for all tax entities. In connection with the foregoing, the Securities Administrator shall timely prepare and file, and the Trustee shall sign, IRS Form 8811, which shall provide the name and address of the person who can be contacted to obtain information required to be reported to the holders of regular interests in each of REMIC I, REMIC II and REMIC III (the "REMIC Reporting Agent"). The Trustee shall make elections to treat each of REMIC I, REMIC II and REMIC III as a REMIC (which elections shall apply to the taxable period ending December 31, 2002 and each calendar year thereafter) in such manner as the Code or applicable Treasury regulations may prescribe, and as described by the Securities Administrator. The Trustee shall sign all tax information returns filed pursuant to this Section and any other returns as may be required by the Code. The Holder of the Class R-I Certificate is hereby designated as the "Tax Matters Person" (within the meaning of Treas. Reg. ss.ss.1.860F-4(d)) for REMIC I, the Holder of the Class R-II Certificate is hereby designated as the "Tax Matters Person" for REMIC II and the Holder of the Class R-III Certificate is hereby designated as the "Tax Matters Person" for REMIC III. The Securities Administrator is hereby designated and appointed as the agent of each such Tax Matters Person. Any Holder of a Residual Certificate will by acceptance thereof appoint the Securities Administrator as agent and attorney-in-fact for the purpose of acting as Tax Matters Person for each of REMIC I, REMIC II and REMIC III during such time as the Securities Administrator does not own any such Residual Certificate. In the event that the Code or applicable Treasury regulations prohibit the Trustee from signing tax or information returns or other statements, or the Securities Administrator from acting as agent for the Tax Matters Person, the Trustee and the Securities Administrator shall take whatever action that in its sole good faith judgment is necessary for the proper filing of such information returns or for the provision of a tax matters person, including designation of the Holder of a Residual Certificate to sign such returns or act as tax matters person. Each Holder of a Residual Certificate shall be bound by this Section. (c) The Securities Administrator shall provide upon request and receipt of reasonable compensation, such information as required in Section 860D(a)(6)(B) of the Code to the Internal Revenue Service, to any Person purporting to transfer a Residual Certificate to a Person other than a transferee permitted by Section 5.05(b), and to any regulated investment company, real estate investment trust, common trust fund, partnership, trust, estate, organization described in Section 1381 of the Code, or nominee holding an interest in a pass-through entity described in Section 860E(e)(6) of the Code, any record holder of which is not a transferee permitted by Section 5.05(b) (or which is deemed by statute to be an entity with a disqualified member). (d) The Securities Administrator shall prepare and file or cause to be filed, and the Trustee shall sign, any state income tax returns required under Applicable State Law with respect to each of REMIC I, REMIC II and REMIC III or the Trust Fund. (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Trustee and the Securities Administrator shall comply with all federal withholding requirements respecting payments to Certificateholders of interest or original issue discount on the Mortgage Loans, that the Trustee or the Securities Administrator reasonably believes are applicable under the Code. The consent of Certificateholders shall not be required for such withholding. In the event the Trustee or the Securities Administrator withholds any amount from interest or original issue discount payments or advances thereof to any Certificateholder pursuant to federal withholding requirements, the Trustee or the Securities Administrator shall, together with its monthly report to such Certificateholders, indicate such amount withheld. (f) The Trustee and the Securities Administrator agree to indemnify the Trust Fund and the Seller for any taxes and costs including, without limitation, any reasonable attorneys fees imposed on or incurred by the Trust Fund, the Seller or the Master Servicer, as a result of a breach of the Trustee's covenants and the Securities Administrator's covenants, respectively, set forth in this Section 9.12; provided, however, such liability and obligation to indemnify in this paragraph shall not be joint and several and neither the Trustee nor the Securities Administrator shall be liable or be obligated to indemnify the Trust Fund for the failure by the other to perform any duty under this Agreement or the breach by the other of any covenant in this Agreement.
Sub-Servicing Agreements Between Master Servicer and Sub-Servicers (a) The Master Servicer may enter into Sub-Servicing Agreements with Sub-Servicers for the servicing and administration of the Mortgage Loans; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that such agreements would not result in a withdrawal or a downgrading by any Rating Agency of the rating on any Class of Certificates. The Trustee is hereby authorized to acknowledge, at the request of the Master Servicer, any Sub-Servicing Agreement that meets the requirements applicable to Sub-Servicing Agreements set forth in this Agreement and that is otherwise permitted under this Agreement. Each Sub-Servicer shall be (i) authorized to transact business in the state or states where the related Mortgaged Properties it is to service are situated, if and to the extent required by applicable law to enable the Sub-Servicer to perform its obligations hereunder and under the Sub-Servicing Agreement and (ii) a Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae approved mxxxxxxx servicex. Xxxh Sub-Servicing Agreement must impose on the Sub-Servicer requirements conforming to the provisions set forth in Section 3.08 and provide for servicing of the Mortgage Loans consistent with the terms of this Agreement. The Master Servicer will examine each Sub-Servicing Agreement and will be familiar with the terms thereof. The terms of any Sub-Servicing Agreement will not be inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Agreement. The Master Servicer and the Sub-Servicers may enter into and make amendments to the Sub-Servicing Agreements or enter into different forms of Sub-Servicing Agreements; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that any such amendments or different forms shall be consistent with and not violate the provisions of this Agreement, and that no such amendment or different form shall be made or entered into which could be reasonably expected to be materially adverse to the interests of the Certificateholders without the consent of the Holders of Certificates entitled to at least 66% of the Voting Rights; PROVIDED, FURTHER, that the consent of the Holders of Certificates entitled to at least 66% of the Voting Rights shall not be required (i) to cure any ambiguity or defect in a Sub-Servicing Agreement, (ii) to correct, modify or supplement any provisions of a Sub- Servicing Agreement, or (iii) to make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under a Sub-Servicing Agreement, which, in each case, shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement. Any variation without the consent of the Holders of Certificates entitled to at least 66% of the Voting Rights from the provisions set forth in Section 3.08 relating to insurance or priority requirements of Sub-Servicing Accounts, or credits and charges to the Sub- Servicing Accounts or the timing and amount of remittances by the Sub-Servicers to the Master Servicer, are conclusively deemed to be inconsistent with this Agreement and therefore prohibited. The Master Servicer shall deliver to the Trustee copies of all Sub-Servicing Agreements, and any amendments or modifications thereof, promptly upon the Master Servicer's execution and delivery of such instruments. (b) As part of its servicing activities hereunder, the Master Servicer, for the benefit of the Trustee and the Certificateholders, shall enforce the obligations of each Sub-Servicer under the related Sub-Servicing Agreement and of the Originator under the Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, including, without limitation, any obligation to make advances in respect of delinquent payments as required by a Sub-Servicing Agreement, or to purchase a Mortgage Loan on account of missing or defective documentation or on account of a breach of a representation, warranty or covenant, as described in Section 2.03(a). Such enforcement, including, without limitation, the legal prosecution of claims, termination of Sub-Servicing Agreements, and the pursuit of other appropriate remedies, shall be in such form and carried out to such an extent and at such time as the Master Servicer, in its good faith business judgment, would require were it the owner of the related Mortgage Loans. The Master Servicer shall pay the costs of such enforcement at its own expense, and shall be reimbursed therefor only (i) from a general recovery resulting from such enforcement, to the extent, if any, that such recovery exceeds all amounts due in respect of the related Mortgage Loans, or (ii) from a specific recovery of costs, expenses or attorneys' fees against the party against whom such enforcement is directed. Enforcement of the Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement against the Originator shall be effected by the Master Servicer to the extent it is not the Originator, and otherwise by the Trustee in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this paragraph.
Instructions for Certification – First Tier Participants a. By signing and submitting this proposal, the prospective first tier participant is providing the certification set out below. b. The inability of a person to provide the certification set out below will not necessarily result in denial of participation in this covered transaction. The prospective first tier participant shall submit an explanation of why it cannot provide the certification set out below. The certification or explanation will be considered in connection with the department or agency's determination whether to enter into this transaction. However, failure of the prospective first tier participant to furnish a certification or an explanation shall disqualify such a person from participation in this transaction. c. The certification in this clause is a material representation of fact upon which reliance was placed when the contracting agency determined to enter into this transaction. If it is later determined that the prospective participant knowingly rendered an erroneous certification, in addition to other remedies available to the Federal Government, the contracting agency may terminate this transaction for cause of default. d. The prospective first tier participant shall provide immediate written notice to the contracting agency to whom this proposal is submitted if any time the prospective first tier participant learns that its certification was erroneous when submitted or has become erroneous by reason of changed circumstances. e. The terms "covered transaction," "debarred," "suspended," "ineligible," "participant," "person," "principal," and "voluntarily excluded," as used in this clause, are defined in 2 CFR Parts 180 and 1200. “First Tier Covered Transactions” refers to any covered transaction between a grantee or subgrantee of Federal funds and a participant (such as the prime or general contract). “Lower Tier Covered Transactions” refers to any covered transaction under a First Tier Covered Transaction (such as subcontracts). “First Tier Participant” refers to the participant who has entered into a covered transaction with a grantee or subgrantee of Federal funds (such as the prime or general contractor). “Lower Tier Participant” refers any participant who has entered into a covered transaction with a First Tier Participant or other Lower Tier Participants (such as subcontractors and suppliers).