Permissioned blockchain Sample Clauses

Permissioned blockchain. Permissioned chains rely on a trusted authority that can appoint a set of consensus nodes. These consensus nodes could be each operated by a different company, public institution or other reputable entity. Because one needs permission from the trusted authority to become a new consensus node, these systems are called “permissioned” or “distributed” (as opposed to decentralized) systems. In a setting where a relatively small number of pre-defined consensus nodes exist, consensus can be achieved efficiently and securely using a so-called Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT) consensus protocol. The term Byzantine- fault means that some of the nodes can deviate from the correct protocol execution in arbitrary ways, which covers node compromise by an external attacker, malicious inside administrator and other similar attacks. BFT consensus protocols have been studied for decades. A classical theoretical work by Xxxxxxx et al. from the early 1980’s shows that there are solutions to the BFT consensus problem only when there are less than 1/3 faulty nodes [11]. This is why any BFT consensus protocol can tolerate at maximum 1/3 compromised nodes. Another classical work in this field is an efficient and formally-proven BFT consensus protocol called Practical BFT (PBFT) by Xxxxxx et al. [12]. This protocol is commonly used in modern permissioned blockchain systems. Recently, there has been significant research into more optimized BFT consensus protocols that can have slightly better scalability or other improvements. The research community has peer-reviewed widely available public proofs of schemes such as Practical BFT and HotStuff and determined that these schemes indeed have this tolerance. There have been many new BFT-based schemes introduced in the past few years that modify the BFT protocol to increase performance, but many of these schemes either do not have a published mathematical proof or have not gone through a peer review process. The trust assumptions of BFT protocols, and thus permissioned blockchains, are simple and well-understood. To violate consensus, the adversary needs to compromise at least 1/3 of the consensus nodes. For example, when 30 consensus nodes are used, the adversary needs to gain control of 10 different organizations. If each organization protects their consensus node appropriately, this is a difficult task for an external adversary. The other possible way to violate consensus is to have at least 1/3 of the organizations collude. If the org...
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Related to Permissioned blockchain

  • Certification as Small Contractor or Minority Business Enterprise This paragraph was intentionally left blank.

  • Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License The Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License (CC-BY-NC-ND) permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, is not used for commercial purposes and no modifications or adaptations are made. (see below) Use by commercial "for-profit" organizations Use of Wiley Open Access articles for commercial, promotional, or marketing purposes requires further explicit permission from Wiley and will be subject to a fee. Further details can be found on Wiley Online Library xxxx://xxxxxxx.xxxxx.xxx/WileyCDA/Section/id-410895.html Other Terms and Conditions:

  • Information Technology Enterprise Architecture Requirements If this Contract involves information technology-related products or services, the Contractor agrees that all such products or services are compatible with any of the technology standards found at xxxxx://xxx.xx.xxx/iot/2394.htm that are applicable, including the assistive technology standard. The State may terminate this Contract for default if the terms of this paragraph are breached.

  • Women- and Minority-Owned Businesses (W/MBE) The Subrecipient will use its best efforts to afford small businesses, minority business enterprises, and women’s business enterprises the maximum practicable opportunity to participate in the performance of this contract. As used in this cataract, the terms “small business” means a business that meets the criteria set forth in section 3(a) of the Small Business Act, as amended (15 U.S.C. 632), and “minority and women’s business enterprise” means a business at lease fifty-one (51) percent owned and controlled by minority group members or women. For the purpose of this definition, “minority group members” are Afro- Americans, Spanish-speaking, Spanish surnamed or Spanish-heritage Americans, Asian-Americans and American Indians. The Subrecipient may rely on written representation by businesses regarding their status as minority and female business enterprises in lieu of an independent investigation.

  • CERTIFICATION REGARDING BOYCOTTING CERTAIN ENERGY COMPANIES (Texas law as of September 1, 2021) By submitting a proposal to this Solicitation, you certify that you agree, when it is applicable, to the following required by Texas law as of September 1, 2021: If (a) company is not a sole proprietorship; (b) company has ten (10) or more full-time employees; and (c) this contract has a value of $100,000 or more that is to be paid wholly or partly from public funds, the following certification shall apply; otherwise, this certification is not required. Pursuant to Tex. Gov’t Code Ch. 2274 of SB 13 (87th session), the company hereby certifies and verifies that the company, or any wholly owned subsidiary, majority-owned subsidiary, parent company, or affiliate of these entities or business associations, if any, does not boycott energy companies and will not boycott energy companies during the term of the contract. For purposes of this contract, the term “company” shall mean an organization, association, corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, or limited liability company, that exists to make a profit. The term “boycott energy company” shall mean “without an ordinary business purpose, refusing to deal with, terminating business activities with, or otherwise taking any action intended to penalize, inflict economic harm on, or limit commercial relations with a company because the company (a) engages in the exploration, production, utilization, transportation, sale, or manufacturing of fossil fuel-based energy and does not commit or pledge to meet environmental standards beyond applicable federal and state law, or (b) does business with a company described by paragraph (a).” See Tex. Gov’t Code § 809.001(1).

  • Tax Examinations Abroad 1. A Contracting Party may allow representatives of the competent authority of the other Contracting Party to enter the territory of the first-mentioned Party to interview individuals and examine records with the written consent of the persons concerned. The competent authority of the second-mentioned Party shall notify the competent authority of the first-mentioned Party of the time and place of the meeting with the individuals concerned.

  • Selection of Subcontractors, Procurement of Materials and Leasing of Equipment The contractor shall not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or disability in the selection and retention of subcontractors, including procurement of materials and leases of equipment. The contractor shall take all necessary and reasonable steps to ensure nondiscrimination in the administration of this contract.

  • Foreign-Owned Companies in Connection with Critical Infrastructure If Texas Government Code, Section 2274.0102(a)(1) (relating to prohibition on contracts with certain foreign-owned companies in connection with critical infrastructure) is applicable to this Contract, pursuant to Government Code Section 2274.0102, Contractor certifies that neither it nor its parent company, nor any affiliate of Contractor or its parent company, is: (1) majority owned or controlled by citizens or governmental entities of China, Iran, North Korea, Russia, or any other country designated by the Governor under Government Code Section 2274.0103, or (2) headquartered in any of those countries.

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  • CERTIFICATION REGARDING BOYCOTTING CERTAIN ENERGY COMPANIES (Texas law as of September 1, 2021) By submitting a proposal to this Solicitation, you certify that you agree, when it is applicable, to the following required by Texas law as of September 1, 2021: If (a) company is not a sole proprietorship; (b) company has ten (10) or more full-time employees; and (c) this contract has a value of $100,000 or more that is to be paid wholly or partly from public funds, the following certification shall apply; otherwise, this certification is not required. Pursuant to Tex. Gov’t Code Ch. 2274 of SB 13 (87th session), the company hereby certifies and verifies that the company, or any wholly owned subsidiary, majority-owned subsidiary, parent company, or affiliate of these entities or business associations, if any, does not boycott energy companies and will not boycott energy companies during the term of the contract. For purposes of this contract, the term “company” shall mean an organization, association, corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, or limited liability company, that exists to make a profit. The term “boycott energy company” shall mean “without an ordinary business purpose, refusing to deal with, terminating business activities with, or otherwise taking any action intended to penalize, inflict economic harm on, or limit commercial relations with a company because the company (a) engages in the exploration, production, utilization, transportation, sale, or manufacturing of fossil fuel-based energy and does not commit or pledge to meet environmental standards beyond applicable federal and state law, or (b) does business with a company described by paragraph (a).” See Tex. Gov’t Code § 809.001(1).

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