Common use of Recovery Actions Clause in Contracts

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection for the remainder of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issued. Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified the legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes in Utah (Utah Department of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedNatural Resources 2010). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon at Echo Park was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are on a 3-year on, 2-year off cycle. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and has shown an increase in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). More recent information has shown a decline in this population with recommendations to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx in prep.). Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes, acquiring and restoring floodplain habitats for endangered fish use, and managing populations of nonnative fish species. Flows in the Green River are influenced by tributary inputs, especially the Yampa River, as well as Flaming Gorge dam releases. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with and a Record of Decision executed were completed in February2006. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al (2000) recommendations. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases to match the Yampa peak occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation use the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam (rather than trying to match the Yampa peak). A Larval Trigger Study Plan (LTSP; Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. 2012), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, is being implemented for an experimental period of about six years beginning in 2012. To date, LTSP operations have proven hugely successful, resulting in an autumn release of wild-produced Age-0 razorback sucker from floodplains to the Green River main channel; 2013-2015. In spring 2015, the Green River Evaluation and Assessment Team (GREAT) was convened to evaluate: 1) the Program's performance meeting the Xxxx et al. flow and temperature since the 2006 ROD; 2) the results of studies identified in the Green River Study Plan (e.g. Floodplain Synth; BW-Synth; and Nonnative studies); and 3) the need for revision of the recommendations. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and ; currently under revision),and Duchesne rivers. In 2012, the PDO developed a position paper on minimum flow management in the Price River (Chart and Xxxxxxx 2012). Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified a legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes on the Green River in Utah, which is scheduled to culminate with legal streamflow protection in 2019 (Utah Department of the year (November–June) Natural Resources 2010; Xxxx Xxxxxx and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact StatementXxxxx Xxxxxx, Record of DecisionUDNR, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedpersonal communication). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and six perpetual easements have been were acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Xxxxx et al. (2017) reviewed the Recovery Program’s floodplain management activities and provided recommendations for how to proceed (see Section 2.2. above) Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Walleye also are emerging as a threat in the Green River and active management began in 2013. White sucker removal also is occurring to reduce hybridization with native suckers (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2012). Gizzard shad, green sunfish, and burbot are other species of concern, but active management of these species has not been proposed by the Recovery Program. Increased catches of walleye in the middle Green River are likely linked to escapement of individuals from Starvation Reservoir and an illegally introduced population in Red Fleet Reservoir (Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). UDWR completed a rotenone treatment of Red Fleet Reservoir in the fall of 2015 to eliminate this source population. The treatment was followed by stocking of compatible sport fish under an approved lake management plan, with plans for a downstream screening structure. UDWR is also planning an escapement solution for Starvation Reservoir (see Duchesne River); a temporary solution has been in place the last three years. Lake Xxxxxx may be a source of walleye in the lower Green River; however, a solution to prevent their escapement has not yet been developed. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon at Echo Park was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan Revised Integrated Stocking Plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Bonytail stocking sites were evaluated as part of revision of the integrated stocking plan (Integrated Stocking Plan Revision Committee 2015). Population estimates began are conducted in 2001 the Green River subbasin for Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and most recently for razorback sucker, but not for bonytail. Population estimates for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin began in 2001 (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are conducted on a 3- year on, 2-year off cycle, with the first three-year sampling period having occurred from 2001 to 2003. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and showed an increase in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was completed in 2013. Preliminary analyses of the most recent data indicates that population has declined throughout the sub-basin, especially in the Yampa River basin. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). Contamination In the mid-2000’s, this population appeared to decline and recommendations were made to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). In 2009, twenty-five adult humpback chub were captured and taken to the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Randlett Unit; of these 25, 11 remain. UDWR resumed humpback chub population estimation in Desolation and Gray Canyons in 2014; specific site estimates were extrapolated to canyon(s)-wide estimate of 1,863 adult humpback chub (Xxxxxx 2014). There are no significant trends in site- specific population estimates between 2006 and 2015. Selenium contamination of water and soil in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback suckerendangered fishes. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and Utah Division of Wildlife Resources manages ongoing remediation of Stewart Lake, in the form of fill, drain, and dry. Historic selenium levels in bottom sediments exceeded 15 ppm but the goal is 4 ppm or less (ReclamationUSGS 2003). The most recent sediment samples, taken in 2012, average less than 9 ppm and indicate that selenium concentrations decline substantially following high flow years on the Green River. Despite elevated selenium levels, UDWR has documented rapid growth of razorback sucker larvae entrained into Stewart Lake under the LTSP suggesting it can play an important role in recovery of razorback sucker (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2012, 2013, Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). Continued coordination with the selenium remediation team is necessary to maximize secondary benefits (periods of inundation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Programto endangered fish.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was has been completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was is ongoing and is expected to be completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February2004. A new biological opinion was will be completed following NEPA compliance; however, this will not prevent operation of the dam in 2005. A study plan for accordance with the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes 1992 opinion in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007)interim. Flow recommendations also have been or are being developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations)White, and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection for the remainder of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that following issuance of the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, Statement and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedDam. Other Green River activities will involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees Four sites (including Old Charlie Wash) on the Ouray National Wildlife Refuge near Ouray, Utah, and five sites on Bureau of Land Management lands have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual restored. Perpetual easements have been acquired on six five properties (1008 545 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control strategies for the middle Green River have been implemented. Active control of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control of smallmouth bass began channel catfish in 2004Desolation and Gray canyons will begin in 2003. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated State of Utah stocking plan requires the stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). Population estimates and for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005)canyons. Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam Dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes, acquiring and restoring floodplain habitats for endangered fish use, and managing populations of nonnative fish species. Flows in the Green River are influenced by tributary inputs, especially the Yampa River, as well as Flaming Gorge Dam releases. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with and a Record of Decision executed were completed in February2006. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al (2000) recommendations. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases to match the Yampa peak occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation place greater emphasis on the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam (rather than trying to match the Yampa peak). A Larval Trigger Study Plan (LTSP; Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. 2012), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, is being implemented for an experimental period of about six years5 beginning in 2012. To date, LTSP operations have proven hugely successful, resulting in an autumn release of wild- produced Age-0 razorback sucker from floodplains to the Green River main channel; 2013-2016. In spring 2015, the Green River Evaluation and Assessment Team (GREAT) was convened to evaluate: 1) the Program's performance meeting the Xxxx et al. flow and temperature recommendations since the 2006 ROD; 2) the results of studies identified in the Green River Study Plan (e.g. Floodplain Synth; BW-Synth; and Nonnative studies); and 3) the need for revision of the recommendations. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim revised draft flow recommendationsrecommendations developed in 2018; currently under review), and Duchesne rivers. In 2012, the PDO developed a position paper on minimum flow management in the Price River (Chart and Xxxxxxx 2012). Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin Basin-wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified a legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes on the Green River in Utah, which is scheduled to culminate with legal streamflow protection in 2019 (Utah Department of the year (November–June) Natural Resources 2010; Xxxx Xxxxxx and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact StatementXxxxx Xxxxxx, Record of DecisionUDNR, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedpersonal communication). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 nine sites (574 acres) and six perpetual easements have been were acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Xxxxx et al. (2017) reviewed the Recovery Program’s floodplain management activities and provided recommendations for how to proceed (see Section 2.2. above). Monitoring of fish entrainment at the Green River Canal near Green River, Utah demonstrated that all four endangered species are entrained, some at substantial levels. Construction on a xxxx wall and fish screen began in November 2018 to halt the entrainment of individuals. This project follows the reconstruction of the Tusher 5 Full experimentation of the LTSP may take more than 6 years because a full variety of hydrologic conditions may not be available in six consecutive years. Diversion on the Green River, which included fish passage as a component of the rebuild. Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Walleye also are emerging as a threat in the Green River and active management began in 2013. White sucker removal is occurring to reduce hybridization with native suckers (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2012). Gizzard shad, green sunfish, and burbot are other species of concern, but active management of these species has not been proposed by the Recovery Program. Increased catches of walleye in the middle Green River are likely linked to escapement of individuals from Starvation Reservoir (Duchesne subbasin) and an illegally introduced population in Red Fleet Reservoir (Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). A temporary barrier has been installed for the Starvation Reservoir spillway since 2015, and a long term solution will be constructed in 2020. UDWR completed a rotenone treatment of Red Fleet Reservoir in the fall of 2015 to eliminate this source population. The treatment was followed by stocking of compatible sport fish (including sterile walleye) under an approved lake management plan, with plans for a downstream screening structure installation in 2019. Lake Xxxxxx may be a source of walleye in the lower Green River; however, a solution to prevent their escapement has not yet been developed. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting The Integrated Stocking Plan (Integrated Stocking Plan Revision Committee 2015) guides stocking efforts of both razorback sucker and bonytail in the Green River. In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on stocking larger individuals of both species. Population estimates are conducted in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed subbasin for Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and most recently for razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green Riversucker, Utahbut not for bonytail. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin began in 2001 (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are conducted on a 3- year on, 2-year off cycle, with the first three-year sampling period having occurred from 2001 to 2003. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and showed a continued decline in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was completed in 2013. The most recent data indicates that population has declined form roughly N= 4,000 adults in 2001 to approximately N= 2,000 in 2013 (Bestgen et al. 2018). The most drastic declines in adult Colorado pikeminnow abundance have been reported in the Yampa River. However, in 2017, researchers from Colorado State University reported a large number (n=75) of unique Colorado pikeminnow detections at a PIT antenna deployed in the mouth of Xxxxxxxxxx Creek, a small tributary to the upper Green River in Browns Park, CO. This finding, as well as similar detections of all the endangered fish species at other PIT antenna locations, have researchers exploring how to best use this new technology to describe population dynamics. Results are pending from a fourth 3-year sampling period, which was completed in 2018. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). Contamination In the mid-2000’s, this population appeared to decline and recommendations were made to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). In 2009, twenty- five adult humpback chub were captured and taken to the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Randlett Unit; of these 25, 11 remain. UDWR resumed humpback chub population estimation in Desolation and Gray Canyons in 2014; specific site estimates were extrapolated to canyon(s)-wide estimate of 1,863 adult humpback chub in 2014 and 1,672 adult humpback in 2015 (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2018). There are no significant trends in site-specific population estimates between 2006 and 2015. UDWR returned to Desolation and Gray Canyons in fall 2018 to resume population estimation and employ several new sampling techniques. A razorback sucker population estimate for the Green River was completed for the first time using capture data from Colorado pikeminnow sampling trips. Estimates indicate a population ranging from 25,482 to 36,355 from 2011 to 2013, but capture probabilities were low resulting in imprecise estimates (Xxxxxxx et al 2018). Selenium contamination of water and soil in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect endangered fishes. The Bureau of Reclamation and Utah Division of Wildlife Resources manages ongoing remediation of Stewart Lake, in the form of fill, drain, and dry. Historic selenium levels in bottom sediments exceeded 15 ppm but the goal is 4 ppm or less (USGS 2003). The most recent sediment samples, taken in 2012, average less than 9 ppm and indicate that selenium concentrations decline substantially following high flow years on the Green River. Despite elevated selenium levels, UDWR has documented rapid growth of razorback sucker larvae entrained into Stewart Lake under the LTSP suggesting it can play an important role in recovery of razorback sucker (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2012, 2013, Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). The periodic draining and drying schedule used for both razorback sucker rearing and selenium remediation has created perfect conditions for cattail growth, which is currently impeding presence of razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau UDWR coordinated a multi-agency controlled burn of Reclamation cattails at Stewart Lake just prior to the 2018 spring runoff. Continued coordination with the selenium remediation team is necessary to maximize secondary benefits (Reclamationperiods of inundation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Programto endangered fish.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam Dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes, acquiring and restoring floodplain habitats for endangered fish use, and managing populations of nonnative fish species. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with and a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was were completed in 20052006. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Flow recommendations also Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al. (2000) recommendations. Flows in the Green River are influenced by tributary inputs, especially the Yampa River, as well as Flaming Gorge Dam releases. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases to match the Yampa peak occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation place greater emphasis on the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam (rather than trying to match the Yampa River peak). A Larval Trigger Study Plan (LTSP; Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. 2012), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, is being implemented. The LTSP recommended an initial, experimental period of about six years. Lagory et al. 2019 (in review) recommends continued experimentation with larval triggered spring operations. To date, LTSP operations have been developed for some tributaries proven hugely successful, resulting in an annual autumn release of wild-produced age-0 razorback sucker from floodplains to the Green RiverRiver main channel; 2013-2020. In spring 2015, such as the Yampa, White Green River Evaluation and Assessment Team (interim GREAT) was convened to evaluate: 1) the Program's performance meeting the Xxxx et al. flow and temperature recommendations since the 2006 ROD; 2) the results of studies identified in the Green River Study Plan (e.g. Floodplain Synth; BW-Synth; and Nonnative studies); and 3) the need for revision of the recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem In 2019 the GREAT provided its report with updated flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspectivepeer reviewers and to the Program technical committees (LaGory et al. 2019). That report has been approved by the biology and water acquisition committees and is now under review by the Management Committee. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified a legal and technical process (the Green River Utah Water Acquisition Team [GRUWAT]) and schedule to protect recommended year- round flows for the remainder endangered fishes on the Green River in Utah, which was scheduled to culminate with legal streamflow protection in 2019 (Utah Department of Natural Resources 2010; Xxxx Xxxxxx and Xxxxx Xxxxxx, UDNR, personal communication). That process has been delayed while Utah pursues updates to its Green River model reflecting Reclamation’s major 2019 Green River water contracting actions. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the year Green River, such as the Yampa, White (November–Juneinterim recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. In 2012, the Program Director’s Office (PDO) also developed a position paper on minimum flow management in the Price River (Chart and downstream to Canyonlands National Park Xxxxxxx 2012). Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedcarefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an upper basin-wide perspective. Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnowbonytail. Levees have been breached to restore 9 nine sites (574 acres) and six perpetual easements have been were acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Xxxxx et al. (2017) reviewed the Recovery Program’s floodplain management activities and provided recommendations for how to proceed (see Section 2.2. above). Monitoring of fish entrainment at the Green River Canal near Green River, Utah demonstrated that all four endangered species were entrained, some at substantial levels particularly during low flow years. Construction of a xxxx wall and fish screen was completed in 2019 to halt the entrainment of individuals. This project follows the reconstruction of the Tusher Diversion on the Green River, which included fish passage as a component of the rebuild. Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Refuge Walleye also are emerging as a threat in the Green River and active management began in 2013. White sucker removal is occurring to reduce hybridization with native suckers (captiveXxxxxxxxx et al. 2012). Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and burbot are other species of concern, but active management of these species has not been proposed by the Recovery Program. Flow-spikes out of Flaming Gorge Reservoirs have been proposed to limit spawning success on a basin-wide scale based on data from naturally occurring storm events (Bestgen 2018). Increased catches of walleye in the Green River since 2008 are likely linked to emigration of individuals from reservoir populations, such as Lake Xxxxxx, Starvation Reservoir (Duchesne River subbasin), and an illegally introduced population in Red Fleet Reservoir (Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). UDWR installed and operated a temporary barrier at the Starvation Reservoir spillway since 2015, limiting emigration from that source. UDWR completed a rotenone treatment of Red Fleet Reservoir in the fall of 2015 to eliminate the illegally introduced walleye population. The treatment was followed by stocking of compatible sport fish (including sterile walleye) populations under an approved lake management plan, construction of a downstream screening structure installation in 2020. Lake Xxxxxx is also a likely source of substantial walleye in the Green River (Xxxxxxx et al. 2019); however, a solution to prevent their escapement has not yet been developed. A solution must effectively prevent walleye from upstream movement while allowing bi-directional movement of native fishes, maintain boater safety, and be sustainable over time. Captive broodstock of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatcheryHatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting The Integrated Stocking Plan (Integrated Stocking Plan Revision Committee 2015) guides stocking efforts of both razorback sucker and bonytail in the Green River. In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on stocking larger individuals of both species. In 2020, over 8,300 razorback sucker and over 14,000 bonytail were stocked into the Green River basin at multiple locations in the Green, Yampa, Price and San Xxxxxx xxxxxx. Population estimates are conducted in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed subbasin for Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and most recently for razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green Riversucker, Utahbut not for bonytail. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin began in 2001 (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are conducted on a 3- year on, 2-year off cycle, with the first three-year sampling period having occurred from 2001 to 2003. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and showed a continued decline in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was completed in 2013. The most recent report indicated that the population declined form roughly N= 4,000 adults in 2001 to approximately N= 2,000 in 2013 (Bestgen et al. 2018). The most drastic declines in adult Colorado pikeminnow abundance have been reported in the Yampa River. However, in 2017, researchers from CSU reported a large number (n=75) of unique Colorado pikeminnow detections at a PIT antenna deployed in the mouth of Xxxxxxxxxx Creek, a small tributary to the upper Green River in Browns Park, CO. This finding, as well as similar detections of all the endangered fish species at other PIT antenna locations, have researchers exploring how to best use this new technology to assist in describing population dynamics. Preliminary analyses from a fourth 3-year sampling period (2016-2018) indicate the population has continued to decline to an adult abundance of less than 1,000 individuals. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005) and then assumed a two-year on, two-year off schedule. In the mid-2000’s, this population appeared to decline and recommendations were made to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). Contamination In 2009, twenty-five adult humpback chub were captured and taken to the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Randlett Unit; of these 25, 11 remain. UDWR conducted humpback chub population estimation in Desolation and Gray Canyons in 2014 and 2015; specific site estimates were extrapolated to canyon(s)-wide estimate of 1,863 adult humpback chub in 2014 and 1,672 adult humpback in 2015 (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2018). There are no significant trends in site- specific population estimates between 2006 and 2015. UDWR returned to Desolation and Gray Canyons in 2018 and 2019 to resume population estimation and employ several new sampling techniques; a report of this effort is in draft. A razorback sucker population estimate for the Green River was completed using capture data from Colorado pikeminnow sampling trips. Estimates indicate a population ranging from 25,482 to 36,355 from 2011 to 2013, but capture probabilities were low resulting in imprecise estimates (Xxxxxxx et al 2018). Selenium contamination of water and soil in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect endangered fishes. Reclamation and UDWR manage ongoing remediation of Stewart Lake, in the form of fill, drain, and dry. Historic selenium levels in bottom sediments exceeded 15 ppm but the goal is 4 ppm or less (USGS 2003). The most recent sediment samples, taken in 2012, average less than 9 ppm and indicate that selenium concentrations decline substantially following high flow years on the Green River. Despite elevated selenium levels, UDWR has documented rapid growth of razorback sucker larvae entrained into Stewart Lake under the LTSP suggesting it can play an important role in recovery of razorback sucker (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2012, 2013, Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). The periodic draining and drying schedule used for both razorback sucker rearing and selenium remediation has created perfect conditions for cattail growth, which is currently impeding presence of razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyUDWR coordinated a multi-agency controlled burn of cattails at Stewart Lake just prior to the 2018 spring runoff, and U.S. Bureau a contractor used a Xxxxx Master roller-chopper to treat cattails again in December 2019. Continued coordination with the selenium remediation team is necessary to maximize secondary benefits (periods of Reclamation (Reclamationinundation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Programto endangered fish.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection for the remainder of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be are being addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issued. Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon at Echo Park was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are on a 3-year on, 2-year off cycle, and preliminary information for the 2006–2008 period has shown an increase in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). More recent information has shown a decline in this population with recommendations to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxxx in prep.). Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al (2000) recommendations. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation use the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam. A Larval Trigger Study Plan (Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. In prep.), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, will be implemented for an experimental period of about six years beginning in 2012. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified the legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes in Utah, culminating in legal streamflow protection in 2015 (Utah Department of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedNatural Resources 2010). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon at Echo Park was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are on a 3-year on, 2-year off cycle. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and has shown an increase in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was started in 2011. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). More recent information has shown a decline in this population with recommendations to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam Dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes, acquiring and restoring floodplain habitats for endangered fish use, and managing populations of nonnative fish species. Flows in the Green River are influenced by tributary inputs, especially the Yampa River, as well as Flaming Gorge Dam releases. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with and a Record of Decision executed were completed in February2006. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al (2000) recommendations. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases to match the Yampa peak occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation place greater emphasis on the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam (rather than trying to match the Yampa peak). A Larval Trigger Study Plan (LTSP; Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. 2012), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, is being implemented for an experimental period of about six years beginning in 2012. To date, LTSP operations have proven hugely successful, resulting in an autumn release of wild-produced Age-0 razorback sucker from floodplains to the Green River main channel; 2013-2016. In spring 2015, the Green River Evaluation and Assessment Team (GREAT) was convened to evaluate: 1) the Program's performance meeting the Xxxx et al. flow and temperature recommendations since the 2006 ROD; 2) the results of studies identified in the Green River Study Plan (e.g. Floodplain Synth; BW-Synth; and Nonnative studies); and 3) the need for revision of the recommendations. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations; currently under revision), and Duchesne rivers. In 2012, the PDO developed a position paper on minimum flow management in the Price River (Chart and Xxxxxxx 2012). Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin Basin-wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified a legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes on the Green River in Utah, which is scheduled to culminate with legal streamflow protection in 2019 (Utah Department of the year (November–June) Natural Resources 2010; Xxxx Xxxxxx and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact StatementXxxxx Xxxxxx, Record of DecisionUDNR, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedpersonal communication). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 nine sites (574 acres) and six perpetual easements have been were acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Xxxxx et al. (2017) reviewed the Recovery Program’s floodplain management activities and provided recommendations for how to proceed (see Section 2.2. above). Monitoring of fish entrainment at the Green River Canal near Green River, Utah demonstrate that all four endangered species are entrained, some at substantial levels. A xxxx wall and fish screen is scheduled to be constructed in winter of 2018/2019 to halt the entrainment of individuals. This project follows the reconstruction of the Tusher Diversion on the Green River, which included fish passage as a component of the rebuild. Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Walleye also are emerging as a threat in the Green River and active management began in 2013. White sucker removal also is occurring to reduce hybridization with native suckers (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2012). Gizzard shad, green sunfish, and burbot are other species of concern, but active management of these species has not been proposed by the Recovery Program. Increased catches of walleye in the middle Green River are likely linked to escapement of individuals from Starvation Reservoir (Duchesne subbasin) and an illegally introduced population in Red Fleet Reservoir (Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). UDWR completed a rotenone treatment of Red Fleet Reservoir in the fall of 2015 to eliminate this source population. The treatment was followed by stocking of compatible sport fish under an approved lake management plan, with plans for a downstream screening structure. Lake Xxxxxx may be a source of walleye in the lower Green River; however, a solution to prevent their escapement has not yet been developed. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting The Integrated Stocking Plan (Integrated Stocking Plan Revision Committee 2015) guides stocking efforts of both razorback sucker and bonytail in the Green River. In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on stocking larger individuals of both species. Population estimates are conducted in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed subbasin for Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and most recently for razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green Riversucker, Utahbut not for bonytail. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin began in 2001 (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are conducted on a 3- year on, 2-year off cycle, with the first three-year sampling period having occurred from 2001 to 2003. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and showed a continued decline in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was completed in 2013. Preliminary analyses of the most recent data indicates that population has declined form roughly N= 4,000 adults in 2001 to approximately N= 2,000 in 2013. The most drastic declines in adult Colorado pikeminnow abundance have been reported in the Yampa River. However, in 2017, researchers from Colorado State University reported a large number (n=75) of unique Colorado pikeminnow detections at a PIT antenna deployed in the mouth of Xxxxxxxxxx Creek, a small tributary to the upper Green River in Browns Park, CO. This finding, as well as similar detections of all the endangered fish species at other PIT antenna locations, have researchers exploring how to best use this new technology to describe population dynamics. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). Contamination In the mid-2000’s, this population appeared to decline and recommendations were made to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). In 2009, twenty- five adult humpback chub were captured and taken to the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Randlett Unit; of these 25, 11 remain. UDWR resumed humpback chub population estimation in Desolation and Gray Canyons in 2014; specific site estimates were extrapolated to canyon(s)-wide estimate of 1,863 adult humpback chub in 2014 and 1,672 adult humpback in 2015 (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2018). There are no significant trends in site-specific population estimates between 2006 and 2015. A razorback sucker population estimate for the Green River was completed for the first time using capture data from Colorado pikeminnow sampling trips. Estimates indicate a population ranging from 25,482 to 36,355 from 2011 to 2013, but capture probabilities were low resulting in imprecise estimates (Xxxxxxx et al 2018). Selenium contamination of water and soil in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect endangered fishes. The Bureau of Reclamation and Utah Division of Wildlife Resources manages ongoing remediation of Stewart Lake, in the form of fill, drain, and dry. Historic selenium levels in bottom sediments exceeded 15 ppm but the goal is 4 ppm or less (USGS 2003). The most recent sediment samples, taken in 2012, average less than 9 ppm and indicate that selenium concentrations decline substantially following high flow years on the Green River. Despite elevated selenium levels, UDWR has documented rapid growth of razorback sucker larvae entrained into Stewart Lake under the LTSP suggesting it can play an important role in recovery of razorback sucker (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2012, 2013, Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). The periodic draining and drying schedule used for both razorback sucker rearing and selenium remediation has created perfect conditions for cattail growth, which is currently impeding presence of razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau Continued coordination with the selenium remediation team is necessary to maximize secondary benefits (periods of Reclamation (Reclamationinundation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Programto endangered fish.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection for the remainder of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be are being addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issued. Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes, acquiring and restoring floodplain habitats for endangered fish use, and managing populations of nonnative fish species. Flows in the Green River are influenced by tributary inputs, especially the Yampa River, as well as Flaming Gorge dam releases. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with and a Record of Decision executed were completed in February2006. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al (2000) recommendations. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases to match the Yampa peak occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation use the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam (rather than trying to match the Yampa peak). A Larval Trigger Study Plan (LTSP; Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. 2012), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, is being implemented for an experimental period of about six years beginning in 2012. To date, LTSP operations have proven hugely successful, resulting in an autumn release of wild-produced Age-0 razorback sucker from floodplains to the Green River main channel; 2013-2015. In spring 2015, the Green River Evaluation and Assessment Team (GREAT) was convened to evaluate: 1) the Program's performance meeting the Xxxx et al. flow and temperature since the 2006 ROD; 2) the results of studies identified in the Green River Study Plan (e.g. Floodplain Synth; BW-Synth; and Nonnative studies); and 3) the need for revision of the recommendations. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations), and ; currently under revision),and Duchesne rivers. In 2012, the PDO developed a position paper on minimum flow management in the Price River (Chart and Xxxxxxx 2012). Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified a legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes on the Green River in Utah, culminating in legal streamflow protection in 2017 (Utah Department of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact StatementNatural Resources 2010, Record of DecisionXxxx Xxxxxx, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedUDNR, personal communication). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Walleye also are emerging as a threat in the Green River and active management began in 2013. White sucker removal also is occurring to reduce hybridization with native suckers (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2012). Gizzard shad, green sunfish, and burbot are other species of concern, but active management of these species has not been proposed by the Recovery Program. Increased catches of walleye in the middle Green River are likely linked to escapement of individuals from Starvation Reservoir and an illegally introduced population in Red Fleet Reservoir (Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). UDWR completed a rotenone treatment of Red Fleet Reservoir in the fall of 2015 to eliminate this source population. The treatment is being followed by stocking of compatible sport fish under an approved lake management plan and a downstream screening structure. UDWR is also planning an escapement solution for Starvation Reservoir (see Duchesne River); a temporary solution has been in place the last two years. Lake Xxxxxx may be a source of walleye in the lower Green River; however, a solution to prevent their escapement has not yet been developed. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon at Echo Park was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan Revised Integrated Stocking Plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Bonytail stocking sites are being evaluated as part of revising the integrated stocking plan (Integrated Stocking Plan Revision Committee 2015). Population estimates began are conducted in 2001 the Green River subbasin for Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and most recently for razorback sucker, but not for bonytail. Population estimates for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin began in 2001 (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are conducted on a 3- year on, 2-year off cycle, with the first three-year sampling period having occurred from 2001 to 2003. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and showed an increase in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was completed in 2013. Preliminary analyses of the most recent data indicates that population has declined throughout the sub-basin, especially in the Yampa River basin. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). Contamination In the mid-2000’s, this population appeared to decline with recommendations to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). Twenty-five adult humpback chub were captured and taken to the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Randlett Unit; of these 25, 17 remain. UDWR resumed humpback chub population estimation in Desolation and Gray Canyons in 2014; specific site estimates were extrapolated to canyon(s)-wide estimate of 1,863 adult humpback chub (Xxxxxx 2014). There are no significant trends in site-specific population estimates between 2006 and 2015. Selenium contamination of water and soil in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. sucker (USFWS 1998) The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) (Core Team) are actively pursuing clean-up implementing remediation activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program. The Core Team collects and analyzes soil samples from Stewart Lake to monitor selenium levels to determine if the remediation efforts are effective. Historic selenium levels in bottom sediments exceeded 15 ppm. A slow downward trend in selenium concentrations has been exhibited for the past decade, with sharper declines following high flow years on the Green River. Sediment samples were collected in 2008 and averaged 12 ppm. Samples were collected in 2012 following the high flow year in 2011, and averaged 8 ppm. The Core Team’s long term goal for selenium at Stewart Lake is 4 ppm or less (USGS 2003) In addition, UDWR has documented rapid growth of razorback sucker larvae entrained into Stewart Lake since 2012,,suggesting it can play an important role in recovery of razorback sucker (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2012, 2013, Xxxxxxx et al. 2014). Continued coordination with the selenium remediation team is necessary to maximize secondary benefits (periods of inundation) to endangered fish.

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February. A new biological opinion was completed in 2005. A study plan for the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007). Following the 2006 Record of Decision, Reclamation provided peak flows that met or exceeded the Xxxx et al (2000) recommendations. Reclamation achieved these peak flow magnitudes and durations by timing Flaming Gorge releases to match peak Yampa River flow, thus minimizing releases needed to achieve the targets. A 2011 synthesis by Bestgen et al. showed that after 1993, releases to match the Yampa peak occurred prior to larval razorback sucker drift and suggested that this approach may not be providing for successful razorback sucker recruitment. In response, the Recovery Program proposed that Reclamation use the occurrence of razorback sucker larvae in channel margin habitats (an indication that larval drift is occurring in the river) as the “trigger” to determine when peak releases should occur from Flaming Gorge Dam (rather than trying to match the Yampa peak). A Larval Trigger Study Plan (Larval Trigger Study Plan ad hoc Committee. 2012), consistent with the Xxxx et al. (2000) flow recommendations, is being implemented for an experimental period of about six years beginning in 2012. Flow recommendations also have been developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations; currently under revision), Price, and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection In 2010, Utah identified a legal and technical process and schedule to protect recommended year-round flows for the remainder endangered fishes on the Green River in Utah, culminating in legal streamflow protection in 2015 (Utah Department of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedNatural Resources 2010). Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 sites (574 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control management strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control management of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control management of smallmouth bass began in 2004. Walleye also are emerging as a threat in the Green River. White sucker removal also is occurring to reduce hybridization with native suckers (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2012). Gizzard shad and burbot are other species of potential concern. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon at Echo Park was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx and Green River, Utah. Stocking sites are being evaluated as part of revising the integrated stocking plan. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005). These estimates are on a 3-year on, 2-year off cycle. The second 3-year “on” period was completed during 2006–2008 and has shown an increase in the numbers of adult fish in the Green River population (Bestgen et al. 2010). A third 3-year sampling period was started in 2011. Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). More recent information has shown a decline in this population with recommendations to secure the genetics by bringing fish into captivity (Xxxxxx 2012). Twenty-five adult humpback chub were captured and taken to the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Randlett Unit. Contamination of water and soil in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near Jensen, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) (Core Team) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program. The Core Team annually collects and analyzes soil samples from Stewart Lake to monitor current selenium levels to determine if the remediation efforts are effective. Preliminary results from soil samples taken in 2011 indicate the remediation efforts have been effective at reducing selenium levels in Stewart Lake (Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, UDWR, personal communication). A forthcoming report from the Core Team will validate the level of reduction and implications for remediation efforts. In addition, UDWR documented razorback sucker larvae utilizing Stewart Lake in 2012, suggesting Stewart Lake can play an important role in recovery of razorback sucker (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2012).

Recovery Actions. Recovery actions in the Green River have focused on refining the operation of Flaming Gorge dam to enhance habitat conditions for the endangered fishes. A biological opinion was issued on the operation of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1992. This opinion contained seasonal flow recommendations for the Green River at Xxxxxx, Utah, and called for additional research under a specific set of research flows to collect information needed to refine the flow recommendations (particularly flow recommendations for spring and winter) and to develop flow recommendations for other areas of the Green River. The effects of the test flows on the endangered fishes and their habitat were evaluated through a variety of studies through 1997, and a final report including revised flow recommendations was has been completed (Xxxx et al. 2000). National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam was is ongoing and is expected to be completed in 2006 with a Record of Decision executed in February2004. A new biological opinion was will be completed following NEPA compliance; however, this will not prevent operation of the dam in 2005. A study plan for accordance with the implementation and evaluation of flow and temperature recommendations for endangered fishes 1992 opinion in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam was completed in 2007 (Green River Study Plan ad hoc Committee 2007)interim. Flow recommendations also have been or are being developed for some tributaries to the Green River, such as the Yampa, White (interim flow recommendations)White, and Duchesne rivers. Tributary and mainstem flow recommendations will be carefully coordinated to address recovery needs from an Upper Basin wide perspective. An element of the 1992 Flaming Gorge Dam biological opinion identified the need to protect dam releases from possible diversion in the occupied habitat of the endangered fishes. The initial focus of this effort was to legally protect Flaming Gorge releases in the Green River down to the confluence of the Duchesne River for the months of July through October. Flow protection for the remainder of the year (November–June) and downstream to Canyonlands National Park will be addressed by Utah now that following issuance of the final Environmental Impact Statement, Record of Decision, Statement and biological opinion on reoperation of Flaming Gorge Dam have been issuedDam. Other Green River activities involve restoration of bottomlands adjacent to the Green River that flood in the spring and provide important habitat for razorback sucker and Colorado pikeminnow. Levees have been breached to restore 9 eight sites (574 274 acres) and perpetual easements have been acquired on six properties (1008 acres). Projects to identify nonnative fish control strategies for the Green River have been implemented. Active control of northern pike (Esox lucius) began in 2001. Active control of smallmouth bass began will begin in 2004. Refuge (captive) populations of razorback sucker collected from the Green River are being maintained at the Ouray National Fish Hatchery, Ouray, Utah, with backup broodstock being maintained at Wahweap State Fish hatchery, Big Water, Utah. A plan for augmenting razorback sucker in the Green River using hatchery propagated fish was developed and is currently being implemented. Stocking of bonytail in Lodore Canyon was initiated in 2000 in accordance with a stocking plan developed by the State of Colorado. The integrated stocking plan requires stocking of bonytail and razorback sucker in the Green River near Xxxxxx Jensen and Green River, Utah. Population estimates began in 2001 for Colorado pikeminnow in the entire Green River subbasin (Bestgen et al. 2005report due in March 2004). Population estimates for humpback chub in Desolation and Gray canyons were conducted in 2001 and 2002, and expanded in 2003 (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005). 2003.. Contamination of water in Stewart Lake and Ashley Creek near JensenXxxxxx, Utah, with selenium may adversely affect razorback sucker. The Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) are actively pursuing clean-up activities in these areas independent of the Recovery Program.