Review of the effects of climate drivers upon Malaria in Africa Sample Clauses

Review of the effects of climate drivers upon Malaria in Africa i) Introduction Malaria affects large parts of Africa and Asia and is responsible for nearly 800,000 deaths annu- ally. Despite interventions resulting in reduction in global malaria mortality in the last 10 years [WHO, 2010], much concern still exists that in regions where malaria is either endemic, seasonal or has been present in the recent past, climate change might affect its presence and/or prevalence. In most African countries, more than 75% of cases are due to Plasmodium falciparum, whereas in most other countries with malaria transmission, other, less virulent plasmodial species predomi- nate. Almost all malarial deaths are caused by X. xxxxxxxxxx (WHO, 2008). In Ghana, malaria is the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality and constitutes approxi- mately 40% of all out-patient department diagnosis across the country (Koram, 2003). Malaria kills an African child every thirty seconds with 90% of all malaria deaths occurring in Sub- Saharan Africa (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. History of malaria). Malaria, apart from its public health impor- tance, is also of economic significance (Gallup and Sachs, 2001). Ecological studies in many areas of Africa show that altitude and bioclimatic structures have an important impact on vector distribution (Mwagangi et al 2007). Temperature, rainfall, relative hu- midity and altitude are the four major factors affecting the presence and abundance of anopheles mosquitoes in any given area (Maxwel et al 2003). This review discusses the effects of environ- mental factors such as altitude and topography as well as climatic factors such as rainfall, ambient and water temperature, and relative humidity that influences the dynamics of the vector population and vectorial capacity of the main Afro-tropical vectors involved in malaria transmission. Notably Anopheles arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s. and X. xxxxx of the An. gambiae complex. Others are; A. funestus, A. nili and A. pharoensis.
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