Uncertainty of the cosmic-ray signal reconstruction Sample Clauses

Uncertainty of the cosmic-ray signal reconstruction. ‌ In this subsection the systematic uncertainty of the cosmic-ray signal reconstruction that results from the overall uncertainty of the antenna VEL magnitude and from the uncertainty due to different ground permittivities is determined. In the first case, the VEL magnitude is shifted up and down by one standard deviation of the overall uncertainty. The VEL phase remains unchanged. In the case of the uncertainty due to different ground permittivities the antenna pattern with a ground permittivity of 2 and of 10 are used (see figure 7). The respective VEL is denoted as Hdown and Hup. The antenna response is applied to a simulated electric-field pulse using once Hup and once Hdown, to obtain the corresponding voltage traces Uup and Udown according to eq. (2.1). Then, the original VEL is used to reconstruct the electric-field pulse once from Uup and once from Udown. From the difference of the two resulting electric-field pulses, the systematic uncertainty of the amplitude or the energy fluence can be determined. Both uncertainties resulting from the antenna VEL magnitude uncertainty and resulting from different ground permittivities, are then combined quadratically. An additional uncertainty on the electric-field trace can arise due to an uncertainty on the VEL phase. An uncertainty in the VEL phase leads to a signal distortion of the radio pulse resulting 80 Uncertainty of q EnergyFluence [%] 70 45 40 60 Zenith Angle [ ◦ ] 35 50 30 40 25 30 20 15 20 10 10 5 150 N =576 median =9.6 + − Θ <80 N =432 median =8.8 + − Θ <60