Urease and Crystalline Biofilms Sample Clauses

Urease and Crystalline Biofilms. Another mechanism to facilitate entry into the urinary tract would be disrupting the flow of urine. For this purpose, P. mirabilis encodes a nickel metalloenzyme, urease, which hydrolyzes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide thus increasing the pH of the environment. An alkaline pH in the urinary tract causes precipitation of calcium and magnesium ions which form crystals of apatite (calcium phosphate) and struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) (28). Bacterial adherence to catheters is optimal under alkaline conditions once crystals have deposited on the surface of the catheter (29). Crystals continue to be integrated into biofilms, and over time this leads to blockage of the catheter lumen (30). Catheter encrustation disrupts urine flow and causes backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys (Vesicoureteral reflux). P. mirablis colonization and subsequent disease of the urinary tract can now occur (31, 32).
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