IntroductionComprehensive Peace Agreement • October 2nd, 2021
Contract Type FiledOctober 2nd, 2021On 27 March 2014, the president of the Philippines, Benigno Aquino III, and the Chairman of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement on the Bangsamoro. Facilitated and witnessed by the Malaysian prime minister, Najib Razak, this agree- ment marked the culmination of eighteen years of negotiations and twelve prior agreements, declarations, annexes and addendums that had sought to bring an end to civil conflict on the island of Mindanao. Starting with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in the 1960s, various iterations of this separatist movement, including the MILF and the splinter group BIFF (Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters), have fought to establish the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao as an independ- ent state or an autonomous substate within the Philippines. During the course of what has been one of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries’ most intractable conflicts, an estimated 120,000 people have been killed, countless others have suf