JOINT FILING AGREEMENT ----------------------

EXHIBIT A

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
                             ----------------------

In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k)(l) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the attached
Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, and expressly authorize
AMVESCAP PLC, as the ultimate parent company of each of its undersigned
subsidiaries, to file such Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, on
behalf of each of them.

Dated: September 8, 2006               AMVESCAP PLC

                                       By: /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                       Title: Chief Compliance Officer


                                       AIM Advisors, Inc.

                                       By: /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                       Title: Chief Compliance Officer


                                       AIM Capital Management, Inc.

                                       By: /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                       Title: Chief Compliance Officer


                                       AIM Funds Management, Inc.

                                       By: /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                       Title: Chief Compliance Officer


                                       AIM Private Asset Management, Inc.

                                       By: /s/ Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxx Xxxxxxxx
                                       Title: Chief Compliance Officer


                                       Atlantic Trust Company, N.A.

                                       By: /s/ Xxxxx XxXxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxxx XxXxxx
                                       Title: General Counsel


                                       Xxxxx Xxx Investment Counsel, Inc.

                                       By: /s/ Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxxxx
                                          ----------------------------
                                       Name:  Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxxxx
                                       Title: General Counsel