General introduction. The Norwegian authorities introduced value added tax (1) in 1970 through the Value Added Tax Act of 19 June 1969 (2). VAT is an indirect tax on consumption of goods and services. VAT is calculated at all stages of the supply chain and on imports of goods and services from abroad. The final consumer, not registered for VAT, absorbs VAT as part of the purchase price. The VAT due at each stage of the supply chain amounts to the difference between output tax and input tax. Output tax is, according to Article 4(1) of the VAT Act, a tax calculated and collected on sales of taxable goods and services. Input tax is, according to Article 4(2) of the VAT Act, a tax accrued on purchases of taxable goods and services. Taxable persons which are liable to output tax are entitled to deduct input tax for the goods and services acquired. Until 1 July 2001, there was a general liability to pay output tax on supply of goods but only a limited number of services, specifically referred to in the VAT Act, were subject to output tax. From 1 July 2001 onwards, Norway introduced a general liability to pay output tax on supply of services. Certain services explicitly mentioned are still exempted from VAT.
General introduction. The VAT Compensation Act entered into force on 1 January 2004. According to Article 1, the objective of the VAT Compensation Act is to mitigate distortion of competition resulting from the VAT Act. According to the Norwegian authorities, the application of the VAT Act may result in distortions of competition for activities carried out by public authorities which are outside the scope of the VAT Act and which cannot accordingly recover input tax. This may influence decisions of public authorities when choosing between self supply of goods and services and purchase of goods and services liable for output tax from private service providers. By compensating public authorities for input tax on all goods and services, in general, the intention of the Norwegian authorities is to create a level playing field between self supply and outsour- cing. By introducing a general input tax compensation scheme in 2004 mainly for local and regional authorities, the Norwegian authorities replaced a limited input tax compensation scheme for local and regional authori- ties from 1995 (1). The old input tax compensation scheme was limited to services explicitly mentioned in the law. According to Article 2 of the old VAT Compensation Act, compensation of input tax covered only services such as laundry services, real estate construction work services and cleaning services.