Common use of A Classical Measure for Quantum Entanglement Clause in Contracts

A Classical Measure for Quantum Entanglement. It is a challenging problem of theoretical quantum physics to find good measures for entanglement [26]. Corollary 3 above suggests the following measure, which is based on classical information theory. Definition 1 Let for a quantum state ρAB µ(ρAB) := min ( max (I(X; Y↓Z))) , {|z)} {|x)},{|y)} where the minimum is taken over all Ψ = Σ √p ψ ⊗ |z) such that ρ = TrHE (PΨ ) holds and over all generating sets {|z)} of HE, the maximum is over all bases {|x)} of HA and {|y)} of HB, and where PXY Z(x, y, z) := |(x, y, z|Ψ)|2. ❢ The function µ has all the properties required from such a measure. If ρAB is pure, i.e., ρAB = |ψΣAB )(ψAB|, then we have in the Xxxxxxx basis (see for example [24]) ψAB = j cj|xj, yj), and µ(ρAB) = −Tr(ρA log ρA) (where ρA = TrB(ρAB)) as it should [26]. It is obvious that µ is convex, i.e., µ(λρ1 + (1 − λ)ρ2) ≤ λµ(ρ1)+ (1 − λ)µ(ρ2). (1 (−) √λ)/4 001 + 012 + 103 + 114 , where ψ = 10 01 / 2, and ρ = E√xample 5. This example is based on Xxxxxx’x states. Let Ψ = √λψ(−) ⊗ |0) + λPψ(−) + ((1 − λ)/4)11. It is well-known that ρAB is separable if and only if λ ≤ 1/3. Then the classical distribution is P (010) = P (100) = λ/2 and P (001) = P (012) = P (103) = P (114) = (1 − λ)/4. If λ ≤ 1/3, then consider the channel PZ|Z (0, 0) = PZ|Z (2, 2) = PZ|Z (3, 3) = 1 , PZ|Z (0, 1) = PZ|Z (0, 4) = ξ, PZ|Z (1, 1) = PZ|Z (4, 4) = 1 − ξ, where ξ = 2λ/(1 − λ) ≤ 1. Then µ(ρAB) = I(X; Y↓Z) = I(X; Y |Z) = 0 holds, as it should. If λ > 1/3, then consider the (obviously optimal) channel PZ|Z (0, 0) = PZ|Z (2, 2) = PZ|Z (3, 3) = PZ|Z (0, 1) = PZ|Z (0, 4) = 1. Then µ(ρAB) = I(X; Y↓Z) = I(X; Y |Z) = PZ (0) · I(X; Y |Z = 0)‌ = 1+ λ · (1 − q log2 q − (1 − q)log2(1 − q)) , where q = 2λ/(1 + λ). ♦

A Classical Measure for Quantum Entanglement. It is a challenging problem of theoretical quantum physics to find find good measures for entanglement [26]. Corollary 3 above suggests the following measure, which is based on classical information theory. Definition . Definition 1 Let for a quantum state ρAB µ(ρAB) := min ( max (I(X; Y↓ZY ↓Z))) , {|z)} {|x)},{|y)} Σ where the minimum is taken over all Ψ = Σ √p ψ z √pzψz ⊗ |z) such that ρ ρAB = TrHE (PΨ ) holds and over all generating sets {|z)} of HE, the maximum is over all bases {|x)} of HA and {|y)} of HB, and where PXY Z(x, y, z) := |(x, y, z|Ψ)|2z|Ψ )|2. ❢ The function µ has all the properties required from such a measure. If ρAB is pure, i.e., ρAB = |ψΣAB )(ψAB|, then we have in the Xxxxxxx basis (see The function µ has all the properties required from such a measure. If for example [24]) ψAB = j cj|xj, yj), and µ(ρAB) = −Tr(ρA log ρA) (where ρA = TrB(ρAB)) as it should [26]. It is obvious that µ is convex, i.e., µ(λρ1 + (1 − λ)ρ2) ≤ λµ(ρ1)+ λµ(ρ1) + (1 − λ)µ(ρ2). (1 (−) √λ)/4 001 + 012 + 103 + 114 , where ψ = 10 01 / 2, and ρ = E√xample 5. This example is based on Xxxxxx’x states. Let Ψ = √λψ(−) λψ − ⊗ |0) + (1 − λ)/4 |001 + 012 + 103 + 114), where ψ(−) = |10 − 01)/√2, and ρAB = λPψ(−) + ((1 − λ)/4)11. It is well-known that ρAB is separable if and only if λ ≤ 1/3. Then the classical distribution is P (010) = P (100) = λ/2 and P (001) = P (012) = P (103) = P (114) = (1 − λ)/4. If λ ≤ 1/3, then consider the channel PZ|Z (0, 0) = PZ|Z (2, 2) = PZ|Z (3, 3) = 1 , PZ|Z (0, 1) = PZ|Z (0, 4) = ξξ , PZ|Z (1, 1) = PZ|Z (4, 4) = 1 − ξξ , where ξ = 2λ/(1 − λ) ≤ 1. Then µ(ρAB) = I(X; Y↓ZY ↓Z) = I(X; Y |Z) = 0 holds, as it should. If λ > 1/3, then consider the (obviously optimal) channel PZ|Z (0, 0) = PZ|Z (2, 2) = PZ|Z (3, 3) = PZ|Z (0, 1) = PZ|Z (0, 4) = 1. Then µ(ρAB) = I(X; Y↓ZY ↓Z) = I(X; Y |Z) = PZ (0) · I(X; Y |Z = 0)‌ 0) = 11 + λ · (1 − q log2 log q − (1 − q)log2(1 q) log (1 − q)) , where q = 2λ/(1 + λ). ♦

A Classical Measure for Quantum Entanglement. It is a challenging problem of theoretical quantum physics to find find good measures for entanglement [26]. Corollary 3 above suggests the following measure, which is based on classical information theory. Definition . Definition 1 Let for a quantum state ρAB µ(ρAB) := min ( max (I(X; Y↓Z))) , {|z)} {|x)},{|y)} where the minimum is taken over all Ψ = Σ √p ψ ⊗ |z) such that ρ = TrHE (PΨ PΨ) holds and over all generating sets bases {|z)} of HE, the maximum is over all bases {|x)} of HA and {|y)} of HB, and where PXY Z(x, y, z) := |(x, y, z|Ψ)|2z|Ψ)|2 . ❢ The function g Then µ has all the properties required from such a measure. If ρAB is pure, i.e., ρAB = |ψΣAB )(ψAB||ψABΣ)(ψAB|, then we have in the Xxxxxxx ScΣhmidt basis (see for example [24]) ψAB = j cj|xj, yj), and µ(ρAB) = −Tr(ρA log ρA− j |cj|2 log2(|cj|2) (where ρA = TrB(ρAB−Tr(ρAB log2 ρAB)) , as it should [26]. It is obvious that µ is convex, i.e., µ(λρ1 + (1 − λ)ρ2) ≤ λµ(ρ1)+ (1 − λ)µ(ρ2). Example 4 (1 (−) √λ)/4 001 + 012 + 103 + 114 , where ψ = 10 01 / 2, and ρ = E√xample 5. This example is based on Xxxxxx’x states). Let Ψ = √λψ(−√λψ(−)⊗|0) ⊗ |0√ − λ)/4 |001+ 012+103+114), where ψ(−) + = |10−01)/ 2, and ρAB = λPψ(−) + +((1 − λ)/4)111−λ)/4)11. It is well-known that ρAB is separable if and only if λ ≤ 1/3. Then the classical clas- sical distribution is P (010) = P (100) = λ/2 and P (001) = P (012) = P (103) = P (114) = (1 − λ)/4. If λ ≤ 1/3, then consider the channel PZ|Z (0, 0) = PZ|Z (2, 2) = PZ|Z (3, 3) = 1 , PZ|Z (0, 1) = PZ|Z (0, 4) = ξ, PZ|Z (1, 1) = PZ|Z (4, 4) = 1 − ξ, where ξ = 2λ/(1 − λ) ≤ 1. Then µ(ρAB) = I(X; Y↓ZY Z) = I(X; Y |ZZ) = 0 holds, as it should. If λ > 1/3, then consider the (obviously optimal) channel PZ|Z (0, 0) = PZ|Z (2, 2) = PZ|Z (3, 3) = PZ|Z (0, 1) = PZ|Z (0, 4) = 1. Then µ(ρAB) = I(X; Y↓Z) = I(X; Y |Z) = PZ (0) · I(X0)·I(X; Y |Z = 0)‌ 0) = 1+ λ · 2 ·(1 − q 1−q log2 q − (1 − q)log2(1 − qq−(1−q) log2(1−q)) , where q = 2λ/(1 + λ). ♦