Action Without a Meeting; Participation by Video Conference, Conference Telephone or Otherwise. Unless the 1940 Act requires that a particular action must be taken only at a meeting of Trustees, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Trustees (or of any committee of the Trustees) may be taken without a meeting if written consents thereto are signed by a majority of the Trustees then in office (or by a majority of the members of such committee) and such written consents are filed with the records of the meetings. Unless the 1940 Act requires that Trustees must be present in person at a meeting of Trustees, Trustees may participate in a meeting of the Trustees (or of any committee of the Trustees) by means of a video conference, conference telephone or other means if all individuals participating can hear each other at the same time. For the avoidance of doubt, participation in a meeting by these means shall constitute presence in-person at the meeting.
Action Without a Meeting; Participation by Video Conference, Conference Telephone or Otherwise. Unless the 1940 Act requires that a particular action must be taken only at a meeting of Trustees, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Trustees (or of any committee of the Trustees) may be taken without a meeting if written consents thereto are signed by a majority of the Trustees then in office (or by a majority of the members of such committee) and such written consents are filed with the records of the meetings. A consent given by electronic transmission by a Trustee or by a person or persons authorized to act for a Trustee shall be deemed to be written and signed. Unless the 1940 Act otherwise requires, Trustees may participate in a meeting of the Trustees (or of any committee of the Trustees) by means of a video conference, conference telephone or other means if all individuals participating can hear each other at the same time, and to the fullest extent permitted by law, participation in a meeting by these means shall constitute presence in-person at the meeting.
