Aetiology of ADHD Sample Clauses

Aetiology of ADHD. ADHD is a disorder with multiple overlapping causal pathways that include, both genetic and environmental components. The precise mechanisms by with these interact and exert their effects is not known3. Genetic factors are clearly important in ADHD4. Family, twin and adoption studies have estimated a heritability of ADHD of around 0.80, but little is known about the mechanisms by which their influence is exerted5. Candidate gene studies have produced a number of replicated associations, especially for polymorphisms of dopamine genes, e.g. the D4 and D5 receptors (DRD4 & DRD5) and the Dopamine Transporter (DAT1)6 and more recently GWAS studies have indicated several potentially important areas of interest. There are structural changes in the brain compared to typically developing children and young people: Total brain volumes of children with ADHD are reduced by up to five percent with effects on both grey and white matter and larger reductions apparent in the right hemisphere7. Correspondingly, there are functional brain changes, with reduction of activation in areas controlling inhibition and executive function, and several neurocognitive impairments including impairments in tests of memory, inhibition, decision making, delay aversion, timing and response variability.8,9
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