Attention and conscious perception as perception Sample Clauses

Attention and conscious perception as perception action mediators It is often considered that our capacity-limited brain is not equipped to process the multiple information present in our environment in real-time. Therefore, at- tention is required to select relevant information from irrelevant sources in order to meet task goals (Xxxxx, 1890). By definition, this implies a focus of processing resources for attended stimuli as compared to non-attended stimuli (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2004). The effects of selective attention have been widely studied in humans through cueing paradigms (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxx, 1980), in which a cue provides a prior information about the possible location of a future target to detect in the visual display. Whether the cue allows reliable predictions about the location of appearance of the future target (valid trials), facilitation effects are commonly reported, i.e. participants tend to respond faster and with higher accuracy as compared to invalid trials. Hence, attention could be defined as a cognitive mechanism that bias perception to enhance the subject’s capacity to process and to act upon a given stimulus. Although nobody disputes the view that attention acts as a spatial spotlight that biases perception to opti- mize the processing of a given visual object or stimulus (Xxxxxx, 1980), there is increasing evidence that the primary role of attention is motor preparation, even when no motor execution is required. Indeed, according to action-based theories of selective attention (Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 1994; Tipper, Lor- tie, & Xxxxxx, 1992), attention does not arise through the intervention of specific attentional circuits but overlaps motor preparation. This theory, namely the “premotor theory of attention” has been tested empirically in studies requiring themotor preparation of eye movements (Sheliga, Riggio, & Xxxxxxxxxx, 1994; Xxx xxx Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2007; Xxx xxx Xxxxxxxx, 2010). Indeed, an eye move- ment or a saccade brings the central focus of the eye from a starting point to an endpoint. Hence, a specific spatial location must be selected as an endpoint for the saccade, requiring necessarily selective attention for motor preparation. Thus, oculomotor settings appear as prevailing paradigms to reveal the relation- ships between attention and motor preparation. In a study proposed by Xxxxxxx et al. (1994), the trajectory of the saccade was shown to be influenced by the spatial position of a precued imperative target which was displayed from five ...
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