Cell damage Sample Clauses

Cell damage. Radiation damage occurs when ionizing radiation interferes with the normal operation of a cell causing direct and indirect damage to the cell. • Direct damage occurs when radiation strikes a critical area of the cell (such as the DNA) and causes direct ionization in the molecule itself. • Indirect damage occurs as the result of the formation of very chemically reactive atom groups, called free radicals, within the cell. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms that have at least one unpaired electron in the orbital position. Since electrons like to be paired with other electrons, this makes free radicals very reactive. To find a mate for its unpaired electron, a free radical (symbolized by a dot e.g. OH• or H•) will "steal" an electron from a nearby molecule, thus leaving the nearby molecule with a single electron. To fix this, the nearby molecule will steal an electron from yet another molecule. This turns into a chain of chemical reactions, that damages each new molecule that has an electron stolen from it. This can be especially bad if one of those molecules is a molecule of DNA. About 80% of the cell is water. When radiation ionizes water molecules the ions formed interact with other water molecules. H2O radiation H2O+ + e’ H2O+ H+ + OH• H2O + e’ H2O’ H2O’ H• + OH’ Two of the products formed, H• (hydrogen free radical) and OH• (hydroxyl free radical) are very reactive because they have unpaired electrons. Another reaction product in the cell is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is also very reactive. OH• + OH• H2O2 These reactive atom groups can interfere with normal cellular processes by breaking chemical bonds such as the bonds between carbon atoms in the DNA molecule. In living systems, the hydroxyl free radical does not normally occur, because of the strength of the bonds holding the water molecules together. But if anyone is exposed to radiation, these bonds can be broken by the radiation so that hydroxyl radicals result. This is the basis of the dreadful, often fatal, damage that occurs in people with radiation sickness. If hydroxyl radicals attack DNA, chain reactions run along the DNA molecule causing damage to, and mutations in, the genetic material or even actual breakage of the DNA strands. The body does its best to repair this damage by the natural processes of DNA replication, but imperfect repair leaves altered DNA and can give rise to cancer. When strong X- and gamma radiation is deliberately used to kill cancers, it does by producing lar...
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Related to Cell damage

  • Minor Damage In the event that a Property is damaged or destroyed by fire or other casualty prior to the Closing, and the cost of Repairs is equal to or less than ten percent (10%) of the Purchase Price for such Property, then this transaction shall be closed in accordance with Section 11.3, notwithstanding such casualty. In such event, applicable Seller may at its election endeavor to make such Repairs to the extent of any recovery from insurance carried on the Property, if such Repairs can be reasonably effected before the Closing. Regardless of applicable Seller’s election to commence such Repairs, or applicable Seller’s ability to complete such Repairs prior to Closing, this transaction shall be closed in accordance with Section 11.3 below.

  • Loss or Damage The District and its agents and authorized representatives shall not in any way or manner be answerable or suffer loss, damage, expense, or liability for any loss or damage that may happen to the Work, or any part thereof, or in or about the same during its construction and before acceptance, and the Contractor shall assume all liabilities of every kind or nature arising from the Work, either by accident, negligence, theft, vandalism, or any cause whatsoever; and shall hold the District and its agents and authorized representatives harmless from all liability of every kind and nature arising from accident, negligence, or any cause whatsoever.

  • Substantial Damage Upon the occurrence of Substantial Damage (as hereinafter defined) to the Property after the Effective Date and before the Closing Date, Seller shall promptly deliver notice thereof to Purchaser, and Purchaser may, at its option, either (a) terminate this Agreement by written notice thereof given to Seller and Escrow Agent within fifteen (15) days after receipt of notice from Seller as to such Substantial Damage, whereupon the Deposit will be returned to Purchaser, and the parties shall have no further obligations under this Agreement, except for those which expressly survive any termination of this Agreement, or (b) proceed to close the transaction contemplated herein without any delay pursuant to the terms hereof, in which event Seller shall deliver to Purchaser at the Closing, or as soon as available, any insurance proceeds actually received by Seller and attributable to the Property damaged by such casualty (other than on account of business or rental interruption relating to the period prior to Closing but including all business or rental interruption relating to the period on or after Closing), shall assign to Purchaser any right it may have to receive insurance proceeds attributable to the Property damaged by such casualty (other than on account of business or rental interruption relating to the period prior to Closing but including all business or rental interruption relating to the period on or after Closing), and Purchaser shall receive a credit against the Purchase Price in the amount of the deductible. If Purchaser has not terminated this Agreement due to the Substantial Damage, Seller shall timely file and process a claim respecting the Substantial Damage with its insurer, but shall not settle or adjust the claim without obtaining Purchaser’s approval, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned. For purposes of this Agreement, “Substantial Damage” shall mean any casualty or loss resulting in a repair expense in excess of Two Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000.00) or any damage which results in the Franchisor refusing to enter into the New Franchise Agreement. If the Scheduled Closing Date is less than the full fifteen (15) day period for Purchaser to make its determination of whether to terminate or close, the Scheduled Closing Date shall be extended to five (5) business days after expiration of the full fifteen (15) day period.

  • Partial Damage In the event all or a portion of the Premises is partially damaged by fire, explosion, the elements, a public enemy, Act of God, or other casualty, but not rendered untenable, Company will give Authority immediate notice thereof, and Authority will make the repairs immediately, at its own cost and expense.

  • Partial Damage - Uninsured Loss If a Premises Partial Damage that is not an Insured Loss occurs, unless caused by a negligent or willful act of Lessee (in which event Lessee shall make the repairs at Lessee's expense), Lessor may either: (i) repair such damage as soon as reasonably possible at Lessor's expense, in which event this Lease shall continue in full force and effect, or (ii) terminate this Lease by giving written notice to Lessee within thirty (30) days after receipt by Lessor of knowledge of the occurrence of such damage. Such termination shall be effective sixty (60) days following the date of such notice. In the event Lessor elects to terminate this Lease, Lessee shall have the right within ten (10) days after receipt of the termination notice to give written notice to Lessor of Lessee's commitment to pay for the repair of such damage without reimbursement from Lessor. Lessee shall provide Lessor with said funds or satisfactory assurance thereof within thirty (30) days after making such commitment. In such event this Lease shall continue in full force and effect, and Lessor shall proceed to make such repairs as soon as reasonably possible after the required funds are available. If Lessee does not make the required commitment, this Lease shall terminate as of the date specified in the termination notice.

  • No Damage Any material loss, damage or destruction, whether covered by insurance or not, affecting any business or properties of any of the Partnerships;

  • Major Damage In the event of Major Damage to a Property prior to the Closing Date, then the applicable Seller shall have no obligation to repair such Major Damage and shall notify Purchaser in writing of such damage or destruction (the “Damage Notice”). Within ten (10) days after Purchaser’s receipt of the Damage Notice, Purchaser may elect at its option to give a Termination Notice for the damaged Property to Seller’s Representative. If Purchaser does not elect to terminate this Agreement with respect to the damaged Property, this transaction shall be closed in accordance with the terms of this Agreement either, at the election of the applicable Seller, (a) for the full Purchase Price for the damaged Property notwithstanding any such damage or destruction, and Purchaser shall, at Closing, execute and deliver an assignment and assumption (in a form reasonably required by the applicable Seller) of such Seller’ rights and obligations with respect to the insurance claim and related to such casualty, and thereafter Purchaser shall receive all remaining insurance proceeds pertaining to such claim (plus a credit against the applicable Purchase Price at Closing in the amount of any deductible payable by the applicable Seller in connection therewith and not spent by such Seller for demolition, site cleaning, restoration or other repairs); or (b) Purchaser shall receive a credit against the Base Purchase Price for the damaged Property for the full replacement costs of repair to the subject Property, plus, to the extent covered by such Seller’s insurance policy, any costs required pursuant to local code or zoning requirements, as determined by an independent third party reasonably acceptable to such Seller and Purchaser. In the event a Seller elects to assign such Seller's rights and obligations with respect to the insurance claim and related casualty to Purchaser as provided above, and if an AIMCO employee is the adjuster for the claim related thereto, Sellers covenant and agree that the adjuster shall act in accordance with standard insurance industry protocols in processing such claim (including, without limitation, the time taken to process such claim).

  • Risk of Loss or Damage The Lessee assumes all risk of loss or damage to the Equipment from any cause and agrees to return it to the Lessor in the condition received, with the exception of wear and tear, unless otherwise provided in this Agreement.

  • Partial Damage - Insured Loss If a Premises Partial Damage that is an Insured Loss occurs, then Lessor shall, at Lessor's expense, repair such damage (but not Lessee's Trade Fixtures or Lessee Owned Alterations and Utility Installations) as soon as reasonably possible and this Lease shall continue in full force and effect; provided, however, that Lessee shall, at Lessor's election, make the repair of any damage or destruction the total cost to repair of which is $10,000 or less, and, in such event, Lessor shall make any applicable insurance proceeds available to Lessee on a reasonable basis for that purpose. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the required insurance was not in force or the insurance proceeds are not sufficient to effect such repair, the Insuring Party shall promptly contribute the shortage in proceeds (except as to the deductible which is Lessee's responsibility) as and when required to complete said repairs. In the event, however, such shortage was due to the fact that, by reason of the unique nature of the improvements, full replacement cost insurance coverage was not commercially reasonable and available, Lessor shall have no obligation to pay for the shortage in insurance proceeds or to fully restore the unique aspects of the Premises unless Lessee provides Lessor with the funds to cover same, or adequate assurance thereof, within ten (10) days following receipt of written notice of such shortage and request therefor. If Lessor receives said funds or adequate assurance thereof within said ten (10) day period, the party responsible for making the repairs shall complete them as soon as reasonably possible and this Lease shall remain in full force and effect. If such funds or assurance are not received, Lessor may nevertheless elect by written notice to Lessee within ten (10) days thereafter to: (i) make such restoration and repair as is commercially reasonable with Lessor paying any shortage in proceeds, in which case this Lease shall remain in full force and effect, or have this Lease terminate thirty (30) days thereafter. Lessee shall not be entitled to reimbursement of any funds contributed by Lessee to repair any such damage or destruction. Premises Partial Damage due to flood or earthquake shall be subject to Paragraph 9.3, notwithstanding that there may be some insurance coverage, but the net proceeds of any such insurance shall be made available for the repairs if made by either Party.

  • Casualty Damage 18.1 Tenant shall give immediate notice (by telephone, confirmed in writing) to Landlord of any damage caused to the Premises by fire or other casualty, and if Landlord does not elect to terminate this Lease as provided in Section 18.2, Landlord shall proceed with reasonable diligence and at its sole cost and expense to rebuild and repair the Building and/or the Premises, as the case may be, but Landlord shall not be obligated to expend for such rebuilding and repair any amount in excess of the amount of the insurance proceeds actually recovered by Landlord and made available by any Superior Lessor or Superior Mortgagee as a result of such loss. 18.2 If the Building or the Premises shall be destroyed or substantially damaged by a casualty not covered by Landlord’s insurance, or if 25% or more of the Premises is damaged or rendered untenantable by a casualty covered by Landlord’s insurance, or if the Premises are not affected but 25% of the Building or such portion of the Common Facilities as shall render the Premises or the Building untenantable is damaged or rendered untenantable, then in any such event Landlord may elect either to terminate this Lease or to proceed to rebuild and repair the Premises or that portion of the Building so damaged. Landlord shall give written notice to Tenant of such election within 90 days after the occurrence of such casualty, or within 30 days after the adjustment of the insurance settlement, whichever is later. In the event that such notice of termination shall be given, this Lease shall terminate as of the date provided in such notice of termination (whether or not the Term shall have commenced) with the same effect as if that date were the Expiration Date, without prejudice, however, to Landlord’s rights and remedies against Tenant under the terms of this Lease. If at any time prior to Landlord giving the aforesaid notice of termination or commencing the repair pursuant to Section 18.1, there shall be a Successor Landlord, such Successor Landlord shall have a further period of 60 days from the date of so taking possession to terminate this Lease by notice to Tenant and in the event that such a notice of termination shall be given, this Lease shall terminate as of the date provided in such notice of termination (whether or not the Term shall have been commenced) if Tenant is not occupying any portion of the Premises or otherwise as of the date provided in such notice, with the same effect as if that date were the Expiration Date, without prejudice, however, to Landlord’s rights against Tenant under the terms of this Lease. 18.3 Subject to the provisions of Section 18.1, Landlord’s obligation to rebuild and repair under this Article XVIII shall in any event be limited to restoring Landlord’s Work, as described in the Work Letter, to substantially the condition in which the same existed prior to the casualty, and to proceed, at the sole cost and expense of Tenant, to rebuild, repair and restore Tenant’s Work and any additional Improvements made by Tenant during the Term, all to substantially the condition existing prior to such casualty. 18.4 During the period from the occurrence of the casualty until Landlord’s repairs are completed, the Basic Rent payable pursuant to Article V and Additional Rent payable pursuant to Articles VI and VII shall be abated in that proportion which the Premises area rendered untenantable bears to the entire Premises area; provided, however, there shall be no abatement of any other charges or items of Additional Rent provided for herein to be paid by Tenant; and further provided, however, that should Tenant or anyone claiming through or under Tenant occupy a portion of the Premises during the period the repair work is taking place and prior to the date the Premises are no longer untenantable, the Rent allocable to such reoccupied portion, based upon the proportion which the reoccupied portion of the Premises bears to the total area of the Premises, shall be payable by Tenant from the date of such occupancy. 18.5 Landlord shall not the liable for any inconvenience or annoyance to Tenant or injury to the business of Tenant resulting in any way from any such damage by fire or other casualty or the repair thereof. 18.6 Notwithstanding any of the foregoing provisions of this Article, if, by reason of any negligence or willful act on the part of Tenant or any of its employees, agents, licensees, invitees or contractors, either (a) Landlord or the Superior Lessor or the Superior Mortgagee shall be unable to collect all of the insurance proceeds (including rent insurance proceeds) applicable to damage or destruction of the Premises or the Building or the Project by fire or other casualty or (b) the Premises or the Building or the Project shall be damaged or destroyed or rendered completely or partially untenantable on account of fire or other casualty then, without prejudice to any other remedy which may be available against Tenant, the abatement of rent provided for in Section 18.4 shall not be effective to the extent of the uncollected insurance proceeds.

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