Combining different computing approaches Sample Clauses

Combining different computing approaches. ‌ We integrate elements from three different computing areas to set up this vision, which will be dis- cussed in the following three subsections; these are cloud computing, voluntary computing, and peer- to-peer computing. Cloud Computing Firstly and obviously, we deal with cloud computing. Cloud computing refers to provisioning resources such as virtual machines, storage space, processing power, or applications to consumers “on the net”: Consumers can use these resources without having to install hardware or software themselves and can dynamically add and remove new resources. There are three commonly accepted levels of provisioning in cloud computing, which are infras- tructure, platform, and software. In the first, low-level resources such as virtual machines are offered. In the second, a platform for executing custom client software is provided. On the third level, com- plete applications (such as an office suite) is provided, mostly directly to end users. In any case, clouds are usually offered from one or more centrally coordinated locations; the servers providing the infrastructure run in a well-maintained data center and are under the control of a single entity. In the ASCENS cloud computing case study, we will be concerned with a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solution. The goal of the case study is providing a software system (called the Science Cloud Platform, SCP) which will, installed on multiple virtual or non-virtual machines, form a cloud pro- viding a platform for application execution (these applications in turn providing SaaS solutions). The applications running on top of the platform are assumed to have requirements similar to Service Level Agreements (SLAs), which includes where they can and want to be run (regarding CPU speed, avail- able memory, or even closeness in network terms such as latency to other applications or nodes). Voluntary Computing The second area is voluntary computing. This term usually refers to solu- tions in which individuals (consumers) offer part of their computing power to take part in a larger computing effort. The classic examples are the @home programs, of which SETI@Home [KWA+01] where personal computers are used in the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence is probably the most famous. Usually, voluntary computing is focused on computation; it depends on an agency which provides a centralized infrastructure into which people may plug-in, get their data from, perform cal- culations, and report back. In th...
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  • How Are Distributions From a Traditional IRA Taxed for Federal Income Tax Purposes Amounts distributed to you are generally includable in your gross income in the taxable year you receive them and are taxable as ordinary income. To the extent, however, that any part of a distribution constitutes a return of your nondeductible contributions, it will not be included in your income. The amount of any distribution excludable from income is the portion that bears the same ratio as your aggregate non-deductible contributions bear to the balance of your Traditional IRA at the end of the year (calculated after adding back distributions during the year). For this purpose, all of your Traditional IRAs are treated as a single Traditional IRA. Furthermore, all distributions from a Traditional IRA during a taxable year are to be treated as one distribution. The aggregate amount of distributions excludable from income for all years cannot exceed the aggregate non-deductible contributions for all calendar years. You must elect the withholding treatment of your distribution, as described in paragraph 22 below. No distribution to you or anyone else from a Traditional IRA can qualify for capital gains treatment under the federal income tax laws. Similarly, you are not entitled to the special five- or ten-year averaging rule for lump-sum distributions that may be available to persons receiving distributions from certain other types of retirement plans. Historically, so-called “excess distributions” to you as well as “excess accumulations” remaining in your account as of your date of death were subject to additional taxes. These additional taxes no longer apply. Any distribution that is properly rolled over will not be includable in your gross income.

  • Regulatory Event New Taxes If, after the Effective Date, a Regulatory Event occurs or New Taxes are imposed, and such event or taxes have a direct, material and adverse effect on the economic benefits to a Party of this ESA, the affected Party shall send written notice to the other Party, setting forth the Regulatory Event or New Taxes and reasonably demonstrating the effect of the same on the affected Party. Upon delivery of such notice, the Parties shall use reasonable efforts to negotiate an amendment to this ESA to mitigate such effect. Alternatively, if as a direct result of such a Regulatory Event or New Taxes, the Competitive Supplier incurs additional, material costs, the Competitive Supplier shall provide a written notice to the Town that documents: a) the effective date of the Regulatory Event or New Taxes; b) a detailed explanation and reasonable demonstration of the material costs incurred as a result of the Regulatory Event or New Taxes; c) the timing of the cost impact to be incurred by the Competitive Supplier; d) the proposed price increase per kWh to be passed on to Participating Consumers; and e) a proposed plan for coordinating with the Local Distributor for an increase in the price per kWh that is billed by the Local Distributor, designed to reimburse the Competitive Supplier for such cost impact. If the Town and the Competitive supplier cannot agree on the amendment to this ESA or reimbursement contemplated by this section, the matter may be subject to dispute resolution in accordance with section 12.2. In no event shall a price change become effective without providing Participating Consumers with a 30-day advance notice of the price change.

  • Are My Contributions to a Traditional IRA Tax Deductible Although you may make a contribution to a Traditional IRA within the limitations described above, all or a portion of your contribution may be nondeductible. No deduction is allowed for a rollover contribution (including a “direct rollover”) or transfer. For “regular” contributions, the taxability of your contribution depends upon your tax filing status, whether you (and in some cases your spouse) are an “active participant” in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, and your income level. An employer-sponsored retirement plan includes any of the following types of retirement plans: • a qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus plan established in accordance with IRC 401(a) or 401(k); • a Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SEP) (IRC 408(k)); • a deferred compensation plan maintained by a governmental unit or agency; • tax-sheltered annuities and custodial accounts (IRC 403(b) and 403(b)(7)); • a qualified annuity plan under IRC Section 403(a); or • a Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees of Small Employers (SIMPLE Plan). Generally, you are considered an “active participant” in a defined contribution plan if an employer contribution or forfeiture was credited to your account during the year. You are considered an “active participant” in a defined benefit plan if you are eligible to participate in a plan, even though you elect not to participate. You are also treated as an “active participant” if you make a voluntary or mandatory contribution to any type of plan, even if your employer makes no contribution to the plan. If you are not married (including a taxpayer filing under the “head of household” status), the following rules apply: • If you are not an “active participant” in an employer- sponsored retirement plan, you may make a contribution to a Traditional IRA (up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3). • If you are single and you are an “active participant” in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you may make a fully deductible contribution to a Traditional IRA (up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3), but then the deductibility limits of a contribution are related to your Modified Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) as follows: Year Eligible to Make a Deductible Contribution if AGI is Less Than or Equal to: Eligible to Make a Partially Deductible Contribution if AGI is Between: Not Eligible to Make a Deductible Contribution if AGI is Over: 2020 $65,000 $65,000 - $75,000 $75,000 2021 & After - subject to COLA increases $66,000 $66,000 - $76,000 $76,000 If you are married, the following rules apply: • If you and your spouse file a joint tax return and neither you nor your spouse is an “active participant” in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you and your spouse may make a fully deductible contribution to a Traditional IRA (up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3). • If you and your spouse file a joint tax return and both you and your spouse are “active participants” in employer- sponsored retirement plans, you and your spouse may make fully deductible contributions to a Traditional IRA (up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3), but then the deductibility limits of a contribution are as follows: Year Eligible to Make a Deductible Contribution if AGI is Less Than or Equal to: Eligible to Make a Partially Deductible Contribution if AGI is Between: Not Eligible to Make a Deductible Contribution if AGI is Over: 2020 $104,000 $104,000 - $124,000 $124,000 2021 & After - subject to COLA increases $105,000 $105,000 - $125,000 $125,000 • If you and your spouse file a joint tax return and only one of you is an “active participant” in an employer- sponsored retirement plan, special rules apply. If your spouse is the “active participant,” a fully deductible contribution can be made to your IRA (up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3) if your combined modified adjusted gross income does not exceed $196,000 in 2020 or $198,000 in 2021. If your combined modified adjusted gross income is between $196,000 and $206,000 in 2020, or $198,000 and $208,000 in 2021, your deduction will be limited as described below. If your combined modified adjusted gross income exceeds $206,000 in 2020 or $208,000 in 2021, your contribution will not be deductible. Your spouse, as an “active participant” in an employer- sponsored retirement plan, may make a fully deductible contribution to a Traditional IRA if your combined modified adjusted gross income does not exceed the amounts listed in the table above. Conversely, if you are an “active” participant” and your spouse is not, a contribution to your Traditional IRA will be deductible if your combined modified adjusted gross income does not exceed the amounts listed above. • If you are married and file a separate return, and neither you nor your spouse is an “active participant” in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you may make a fully deductible contribution to a Traditional IRA (up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3). If you are married, filing separately, and either you or your spouse is an “active participant” in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, you may not make a fully deductible contribution to a Traditional IRA. Please note that the deduction limits are not the same as the contribution limits. You can contribute to your Traditional IRA in any amount up to the contribution limits detailed in Section 3. The amount of your contribution that is deductible for federal income tax purposes is based upon the rules described in this section. If you (or where applicable, your spouse) are an “active participant” in an employer- sponsored retirement plan, you can refer to IRS Publication 590-A: Figuring Your Modified AGI and Figuring Your Reduced IRA Deduction to calculate whether your contribution will be fully or partially deductible. Even if your income exceeds the limits described above, you may make a contribution to your IRA up to the contribution limitations described in Section 3. To the extent that your contribution exceeds the deductible limits, it will be nondeductible. However, earnings on all IRA contributions are tax deferred until distribution. You must designate on your federal income tax return the amount of your Traditional IRA contribution that is nondeductible and provide certain additional information concerning nondeductible contributions. 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