Flavonoid biosynthesis Sample Clauses

Flavonoid biosynthesis. Cannabis flavonoids have been isolated and detected from flowers, leaves, twigs and pollen (Xxxxxxxx et al., 1978; Xxxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2002; Xxxx et al., 2005). There is no evidence indicating the presence of flavonoids in glandular trichomes, however, it is know that in Betulaceae family and in the genera Populus and Aesculus flavonoids are secreted by glandular trichomes or by a secretory epithelium (Xxxxxxxxxxx, 1980). Acylated kaempferol glycosides have also been detected in leaf glandular trichomes from Quercus ilex (Xxxxxxx et al., 1994), and flavone aglycones from Origanum x intercedens (Bosabalidis et al., 1998) and from Mentha x piperita (Xxxxxx et al., 1993). Although the flavonoid pathway has been extensively studied in several plants (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx, 2006), there is no data on the biosynthesis of flavonoids in cannabis. The general pathway for flavone and flavonol biosynthesis as it is expected to occur in cannabis is shown in figure 5. The precursors are phenylalanine from the shikimate pathway and malonyl-CoA, which is synthesized by carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, a central intermediate in the Xxxxx tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Phenylalanine is converted into p-cinnamic acid by a Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), EC 4.3.1.5; this p-cinnamic acid is hydroxylated by a Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), EC 1.14.13.11, to p- coumaric acid and a CoA thiol ester is added by a 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), EC 6.2.1.12. One molecule of p-coumaroyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA are condensed by a Chalcone synthase (CHS), EC 2.3.1.74, a PKS, yielding naringenin chalcone. The naringenin chalcone is subsequently isomerized by the enzyme Chalcone isomerase (CHI), EC 5.5.1.6, to naringenin, a flavanone. This naringenin is the common substrate for the biosynthesis of flavones and flavonols. Hydroxy substitution to ring C at position 3 by a Flavanone 3-hydrolase (F3H), EC 1.14.11.9; and to ring B at position 3’ by a Flavonoid 3’-hydrolase (F3’H), EC 1.14.13.21, occurs in naringenin. F3H is a 2- oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) and F3’H is a cytocrome P450. Subsequently, in the ring C at positions 2 and 3 a double bond is formed by a Flavonol synthase (FLS), EC 1.14.11.-, or Flavone synthase (FNS). FLS is a 2ODG and for FNS two distinct activities have been characterized that convert flavanones to flavones. In most plants FNS is a P450 enzyme (FNSII, EC 1.14.13.-), but in species from Apiaceae family FNS is a 2ODG (FNSI, EC 1.14.11....
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