Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Sample Clauses

Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. (LIWC)‌ Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxx [1] find a set of linguistic markers associated with the five personality traits. They create a psycholinguistics database with those features called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary. They also develop the LIWC tool to analyze the monologue essays written by students, whose personality has been evaluated by a questionnaire. They find significant correlations between the linguistic markers and personality traits. Xxxxxxxxxx and King [1, 8] show that “conscientious people tend to avoid negations, negative emotion words and words reflecting discrepancies”. Openness to experience is recognized by “a preference for longer words and words expressing tentativity (e.g., perhaps and maybe), as well as the avoidance of 1st person singular pronouns and present tense forms”. Besides, Xxxx et al. [8] have added additional markers of personality perceived by observers. They find many new correlations such as the relation between the avoidance of past tense with openness to experience. Our paper makes use of the LIWC features for implementing the state-of-art models. Al- though Xxxxxxxxxx and King have updated the dictionary for LIWC tool in 2007 and 2015 [30], we will continue using the linguistic features in LIWC2007 dictionary in order to easily compare our work with previous works [8, 9, 31]. The LIWC2007 dictionary includes “a total of 80 output features consisting of 4 general descriptor categories (e.g., total word count, words per sentence), 22 standard linguistic dimensions (e.g., frequency of pronouns, articles), 32 word cat- egories tapping psychological constructs (e.g., affect, cognition), 7 personal concern categories (e.g., work, home), 3 paralinguistic dimensions (assents, fillers, nonfluencies), and 12 punctu- ation categories (e.g., periods, commas)” [9]. Those categories are arranged hierarchically. A word can belong to multiple categories. When calculating the LIWC features for a sentence, the LIWC tool checks each word in the sentence and see whether it is in the dictionary. If a word is in the dictionary, each of these categories that the word belongs to will increase its scores. When the tool finishes checking all the words in a sentence, it produces a sparse vector with length of 80. Each value in the vector corresponds to a category mentioned above. A part of the linguistic markers can be seen in the Table 2.2 below. LIWC Categories and Sample Words
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