Common use of Market Risk Clause in Contracts

Market Risk. The value of investments may fluctuate due to changing political, legal and, economic conditions and changes in interest rates. This is common to all markets and asset classes. Investor’s return may be substantially less than the initial investment. In addition to the risks listed above, high-yield bonds are subject to additional risks such as: Higher Credit Risk: Since high-yield bonds are typically rated below investment grade or are unrated, they are often subject to a higher risk of issuer default. Vulnerability to Economic Cycles: During economic downturns high-yield bonds typically fall more in value than investment grade bonds as (i) investors become more risk averse and (ii) default risk rises. It is important to note that certain bonds may contain special features and risks that warrant special attention. These include: Perpetual Bonds: Perpetual debentures do not have a maturity date, and the coupon payments pay-out depends on the viability of the issuer in the very long term, it may be deferred or even suspended subject to the terms and conditions of the issue. Furthermore perpetual debentures are often callable and/or subordinated, and bear re-investment risk and/or subordinated bond risk, detailed below. Re-investment Risk of Callable Bond: If the bond is callable in which the issuer may redeem the bond before maturity, it is subject to re-investment risk. The yield received when re-investing the proceeds may be less favourable. Subordinated Bonds: Holders of subordinated debentures will bear higher risks than holders of senior debentures of the issuer due to a lower priority of claim in event of the Issuer’s liquidation. Subordinated debentures are unsecured and have lesser priority than that of an additional debt claim of the same asset. They usually have a lower credit rating than senior bonds. The Customer’s specific attention is drawn to the credit information of this product, including the respective credit rating of the Issuer, the debenture and/or the Guarantor, as the case may be. Bonds with Variable Coupon/Coupon Deferral features: If the bonds contain variable and/or deferral of interest payment terms, then the Customer would face uncertainty over the amount and time of the interest payments to be received. Bonds with Extendable Maturity Date: If the bonds contain extendable maturity date terms, then the Customer would not have a definite schedule of principal repayment. Convertible or Exchangeable Bonds: Convertible or Exchangeable bonds are convertible or exchangeable in nature and the Customer is subject to both equity and bond investment risk. They may additionally have a contingent write-down or loss absorption feature, meaning the bond may be written-off fully or partially or converted to common stock on the occurrence of a trigger event.

Market Risk. The value of investments may fluctuate due to changing political, legal and, economic conditions and changes in interest rates. This is common to all markets and asset classes. Investor’s return may be substantially less than the initial investment.  Currency Risk For bonds denominated in a foreign currency, there may be an exchange loss when converting the redemption amount back to the local or base currency. Conversion between RMB and foreign currencies, including Hong Kong dollar, is subject to PRC regulatory restrictions – RMB is currently not freely convertible and conversion of RMB through banks in Hong Kong is subject to certain restrictions. The PRC government regulates conversion between RMB and foreign currency both in Hong Kong SAR and mainland China, which as a result may affect the liquidity. In addition to the generic risks listed above, high-yield bonds are subject to additional risks such as:  Higher Credit Risk: Risk Since high-yield bonds they are typically rated below investment grade or are unrated, they unrated and as such are often subject to a higher risk of issuer default. ;  Vulnerability to Economic Cycles: Cycles During economic downturns high-yield such bonds typically fall more in value than investment grade bonds as (i) investors become more risk averse and (ii) default risk rises. It is important to note that certain Some bonds may contain special features and risks that warrant special attention. These includeinclude bonds: Perpetual Bonds:  Risk associated with perpetual debentures Perpetual debentures do not have a maturity date, and the coupon payments pay-out depends on the viability of the issuer in the very long term, it may be deferred or even suspended subject to the terms and conditions of the issue. Furthermore perpetual debentures are often callable and/or subordinated, and bear re-investment risk and/or subordinated bond risk, detailed below.  Re-investment Risk of Callable Bond: Bond If the bond is callable in which the issuer may redeem the bond before maturity, it is subject to re-investment risk. The yield received when re-investing the proceeds may be less favourable. Subordinated Bonds:  Risk associated with subordinated debentures Holders of subordinated debentures will bear higher risks than holders of senior debentures of the issuer due to a lower priority of claim in event of the Issuer’s liquidation. Subordinated debentures are unsecured and have lesser priority than that of an additional debt claim of the same asset. They usually have a lower credit rating than senior bonds. The CustomerInvestor’s specific attention is drawn to the credit information of this product, including the respective credit rating of the Issuer, the debenture and/or the Guarantorguarantor, as the case may be. Bonds  Risk associated with Variable Couponvariable coupon/Coupon Deferral features: coupon deferral features If the bonds contain variable and/or deferral of interest payment terms, then the Customer terms and investors would face uncertainty over the amount and time of the interest payments to be received. Bonds  Risk associated with Extendable Maturity Date: extendable maturity date If the bonds contain extendable maturity date terms, then the Customer dates terms and investors would not have a definite schedule of principal repayment. Convertible  Risk associated with convertible or Exchangeable Bonds: Convertible or Exchangeable bonds exchangeable debentures They are convertible or exchangeable in nature and the Customer is investors are subject to both equity and bond investment risk. They may additionally ; and/or that have a contingent write-down or loss absorption feature, meaning feature and the bond may be written-off fully or partially or converted to common stock on the occurrence of a trigger event.