TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE Clause Samples

TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE. On Samsø the objective is to maximise the self consumption from local renewable generation assets in order to minimise grid energy consumption. This objective is incentivised by the local tax regime which results in energy bought from grid being approximately seven times more expensive than renewable energy sold to grid. If the objective is achieved owners of small scale renewable generation should make financial savings through avoided grid power consumption. This would also help advance the island’s environmental objectives as it should result in an increase in the overall fraction that renewable energy occupies in the island’s consumption mix.

TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE. Madeira being an island with a considerable share in renewable production and also with a situation where a higher part of the electricity moves towards transportation, will challenge maintaining the balance between supply and load using EVs for demand response. Frequency and voltage control will be important issues in the systems with large renewable penetration due to the volatility in the supply. Frequency regulation requires higher quality of reserves, which can have fast response. The contribution of demand in frequency control reduces the dependency on thermal plants thereby reducing the operational costs. A review of demand response techniques in load frequency control is given in71,72 for both the centralized and decentralized controls. A decentralized smart charging method is proposed 73 for EVs to participate in primary frequency control considering charging demands from EV customers which can provide both charging schedules and frequency regulation simultaneously. It is interesting to bring a group of EVs together via aggregators which acts as a coordinator between EVs and system operator. The regulation capability of the EVs is estimated by the aggregator using optimal bidding strategy and informs the EVs that are chosen for primary frequency control. Also the participation of EVs in the frequency regulation reduces the operational costs, a new distributed frequency control is proposed in74 for randomized responses of EVs based on their locally measured frequency responses.

TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE. The primary objective of the SMILE programme on the Orkney islands is to reduce the curtailment of specific renewable generators (at time of writing this was confirmed to be the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ wind turbine though this may be expanded), a problem caused by the islands’ limited network capacity for exporting power. By optimally managing the schedules of flexible load, energy that would otherwise have been curtailed may be used to provide local benefits. If this can be demonstrated successfully, future commercial arrangements should see local energy consumers gain access to significantly cheaper energy, with subsequent increases in revenues for local renewable generator owners. The major challenge faced by the utilities with high wind energy penetrations is the curtailed wind energy which Orkney is facing. The mitigation of curtailed wind energy with the help of energy storage and demand response is proposed in61 for system generation cost reduction as the main objective using mixed-integer linear programming. The scheduling of incentive based DR and battery storage systems is carried out in such a way that higher demand periods are aligned with the higher wind energy periods thereby reducing the curtailed wind energy. The frequency signal is used for demand response and the utilities are allowed to reduce the demand for limited duration with incentive payments in return to customers. The more the degree of demand flexibility the higher the share of wind production. The effect of various DR techniques on system costs in the presence of high wind penetration levels is analyzed in 62. As Orkney planned to install 30 units of EV smart charging stations it is also important when determining the type of DR that it is to be applied for charging.