Uncertainty in exposure assessment Sample Clauses

Uncertainty in exposure assessment. Within-city contrasts To limit the bias of transferring CRFs from the source studies, you can estimate the average exposure for the population in each city by averaging data from fixed monitors, as in the original studies. Doing so you probably underestimate the impact of chronic exposure to PM, since there can be significant within-city contrasts of exposure, notably in relation to road traffic, that are not taken into account. Some recent epidemiological findings suggest that within-city contrasts can be even larger than between-cities contrasts and that using these within-city contrasts could give a higher estimate of the impact of PM2.5 on mortality (Xxxxxxx et al., 2005). Taking into account within-city contrasts of exposure requires extensive work on local environmental data but Aphekom WP4 has explored interesting new avenues in this direction (visit xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx for more information). There is a clear need for robust CRFs applicable to within-city contrasts of exposure and health outcomes. Hopefully, the results of the European Escape3 project will be useful for this purpose, as this project is investigating within-cities contrasts of exposure, combining field PM and NOx measurements and land-use regression modelling (Hoek et al, 2008). Correction factors Various methods can be used to measure PM. The TEOM method underestimates the semi-volatile components of PM and various corrections may be applied:, real-time correction with data from a station using a gravimetric method or an FDMS correction device; or fixed seasonal correction factors estimated from a local field study comparing TEOM and gravimetric methods. Sensitivity analysis of results to the correction method used can be performed if raw and corrected data is available. Where PM2.5 data is not available, it ispossible to estimate PM2.5 levels from PM10 data using a 0.7 conversion factor, that was recommended by the Apheis exposure-assessment working group (Apheis, 2005). Earlier work by the Apheis project showed that this conversion can cause a small overestimation of the PM2.5 levels. For this reason and given the large share of PM2.5 in our HIA results, routine PM2.5 monitoring should be extended to more European cities. 3 See the Escape project webwite : xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxx.xx/ PM chemical composition Particulate matter is a complex mixture of primary and secondary components whose toxicity likely varies with its composition. As PM composition is also an indication of its sourc...
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