Referencing. As Xxxxxx states, “reference refers to how the writer introduces participants and then keep track of them once they are in the text” (2004, 33). She states three basic types of references: a homophoric reference which is reference deriving from the context of culture, exophoric reference defined as reference derived from the immediate context of the situation and endophoric reference which is being used in this text analysis. The endophoric one may be further divided into anaphoric, cataphoric and esophoric types of references (Eggins 2004, 34). Anaphora is referring to something that has already been mention before in text. Cataphora is the opposite of anaphora, and it relates to something that comes later in the text (Xxxxxxxxx 2007, 127). Esophoric reference occurs immediately within the phrase, following the presuming referent item (Eggins 2004, 35). However, Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxx point out that for the primary purpose of cohesion is the most relevant the anaphoric one (1976, 51). Speaking of types of reference there are four main types of references: personal pronouns (I, me, she, his, her etc.), demonstrative (this, these, here, that, those, there), comparatives (another, other, similar, better) and the definite article (the) (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxx 1976, 55).
Referencing. Table 15 demonstrates how many times terms of reference in English versions of treaties were used. The analysis is based on endophoric referencing. There have been found 605 terms of reference throughout all texts. The most significant representation has the definite article the because as it has been already mentioned, the article the usually dictates the cohesiveness of the text. Besides the definite article, there is also the apparent difference in usage of references term across the treaties. In the Treaty of Paris was found that the largest representation has personal pronouns, on the other hand in the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon are predominant demonstrative pronouns. Another finding is that the most cohesive devices was found in the Treaty of Paris, on the other hand, the less cohesive devices contains the Treaty of Lisbon. However, coherence is preserved in all three legal documents. This analysis also reveals the development in time. Denotation Treaty of Paris Maastricht Treaty Treaty of Lisbon Personal pronoun he 2 0 0 his 2 0 0 it 15 1 0 they 8 3 0 them 4 1 2 Demonstrative this 8 7 5 these 5 1 5 that 2 0 0 those 5 0 0 Comparatives another 3 0 0 other 9 2 1 Definite article the 347 94 81 Total 410 109 94 Table 15. References in text Examples [19] - [22] illustrates some cases where was used the referencing as a cohesive device. Examples also contain CZ translation for comparison how the Czech language dealt with this issue. [19]