Actual torque. The torque is normalised to the maximum torque at the respective speed. The torque values of the reference cycle must be unnormalised, using the mapping curve determined according to section 1.3, as follows: Actual torque = % torque ∗ max. torque 100 for the respective actual speed as determined in paragraph 2.1. The negative torque values of the motoring points ("m") must take on, for purposes of reference cycle generation, unnormalised values determined in either of the following ways: – negative 40 per cent of the positive torque available at the associated speed point; – mapping of the negative torque required to motor the engine from minimum to maximum mapping speed; – determination of the negative torque required to motor the engine at idle and reference speeds and linear interpolation between these two points.
